Volatile molecules for COVID-19: A possible pharmacological strategy?

COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus disease with a higher incidence of bilateral pneumonia and pleural effusion. The high pulmonary tropism and contagiousness of the virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have stimulated new approaches to combat its widespread diffusion. In developing new pharmacological strategies, the chemical characteristic of volatility can add therapeutic value to the hypothetical drug candidate. Volatile molecules are characterized by a high vapor pressure and are consequently easily exhaled by the lungs after ingestion. This feature could be exploited from a pharmacological point of view, reaching the site of action in an uncommon way but allowing for drug delivery. In this way, a hypothetical molecule for COVID-19 should have a balance between its lung exhalation characteristics and both antiviral and anti-inflammatory pharmacological action. Here, the feasibility, advantages, and disadvantages of a therapy based on oral administration of possible volatile drugs for COVID-19 will be discussed. Both aerosolized antiviral therapy and oral intake of volatile molecules are briefly reviewed, and an evaluation of 1,8-cineole is provided in view of a possible clinical use and also for asymptomatic COVID-19.     

白芷酒炖前后挥发性成分的HS-SPME-GC-MS分析

目的探讨白芷酒炖前后对挥发性成分的影响。方法采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对白芷酒炖前后挥发性成分及其相对百分含量进行对比分析。结果从白芷生品中初步检测出53个峰,鉴定出36个成分;从白芷酒炖中检测出32个峰,鉴定出26个成分;与生品成分比较,酒炖白芷中有22种成分未测到,但新增了12种成分,表明酒炖白芷中的挥发性成分的组成和含量均发生了变化。结论白芷酒炖后由于受热及辅料黄酒的作用使挥发性成分的种类及含量发生了明显变化,并存在成分转化,本研究为白芷酒炖的炮制机理及其在都梁丸中应用的物质基础研究提供了科学依据。     

中药栀子超临界萃取物的挥发性成分研究

研究了栀子萃取的最佳工艺条件及其挥发油中的化学成分。以L9（3^4）正交设计对超临界萃取条件进行优化，GC-MS联用技术对挥发性成分进行定性及半定量分析。结果显示：55℃，35MPa，120min的萃取条件下挥发性成分的收率最高，超临界萃取产物的主要成分为亚油酸，棕榈酸，反，反-2，4-癸二烯醛，而传统水蒸汽蒸馏工艺下主要成分为反，反-2，4-癸二烯醛。与水蒸汽蒸馏工艺相比较。超临界流体萃取工艺且有革取率高。生产周期短的优点．     

分瓶法测定果蝇吸入麻醉药半数麻醉有效浓度

目的　建立测定果蝇吸入麻醉药半数麻醉有效浓度 (ED50 )的方法学。方法　在 11个 32 5ml的三角烧瓶中各放入 30只雄性果蝇 ,分别加入不同容量的异氟醚标准气 ,使 11个烧瓶中异氟醚浓度分布在零效应浓度与百分之百效应浓度之间。以果蝇失去附壁及运动能力为标准计算各瓶中被麻醉果蝇数 ,用正规法计算出ED50 。结果　 11次实验在 2 5及 5 0min时的量 -效关系曲线均呈S形 ,用各自的对数浓度与概率单位作图都呈直线相关 ,相关系数分别为 0 .972± 0 .0 14和 0 .971± 0 .0 2 5 ,ED50 值分别为 (0 .5 1± 0 .0 6 8) %和 (0 .4 7± 0 .0 85 ) % ,变异系数分别为 13.3%和 18.0 %。结论　本法稳定性较好 ,实用可行     

离体模式下地氟醚、异氟醚和氟烷通过氧合器应用的药代动力学研究

目的研究在离体模式下地氟醚、异氟醚和氟烷通过氧合器应用的药代动力学。方法选择成人型膜式氧合器，预充生理盐水2000ml，连接动静脉端形成环路。将预先配制在钢瓶内的2．4％地氟醚、0．46％异氟醚及0．308％氟烷混合气体输送至氧合器，气体流量3Umin，泵流量4Umin，温度30℃。在摄入及排出的0、1、2、4、8、16、32min采集氧合器入气口、排气口及动脉端样本，测定吸入麻醉药分压。结果在摄入阶段及排出阶段，动脉端溶液中三种吸入麻醉药分压迅速上升或下降，用药后8min时，三种药物的动脉端样本分压与吸入气分压之比(Pa／Pi)均达50％以上，停药后8min动脉端样本分压与动脉端样本分压峰值之比(Pa／Pa0)均降至10％以下。三种药物之间在同一时间点Pa／Pi及Pa／17aO均有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。各吸入麻醉药动脉端样本与氧合器排气口中分压之间呈线性相关关系(r=0．99)。结论(1)Bentley膜式氧合器具有快速转运吸入麻醉药的性能；(2)地氟醚、异氟醚及氟烷通过氧合器应用后摄取和排出速率随着药物的水／气分配系数的增高而减慢；(3)通过监测氧合器排气口中吸入麻醉药分压可以快速、准确地估计液相中吸入麻醉药分压。     

Comparison of trichloroethylene and enflurane as adjuncts to nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia

Forty women who underwent gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to receive trichloroethylene, enflurane, or enflurane plus fentanyl as adjuncts to nitrous oxide/relaxant anaesthesia with controlled ventilation. No serious cardiac dysrhythmias were seen in any group. Each patient was observed postoperatively for 4 hours by a nurse blind to the technique used, and questioned at 24 hours by a similarly blinded anaesthetist. Recovery after trichloroethylene was not significantly prolonged although postoperative analgesia by visual analogue was better, opiate analgesia was required less frequently and there was less nausea and vomiting than in either of the enflurane groups. We argue for the continued use of trichloroethylene by this technique, because it costs one hundred times less than enflurane and because of the potential morbidity of the postoperative opiate dosage required after enflurane.     

Cardiac arrest after isoflurane anaesthesia in a patient with Duchenne''s muscular dystrophy

An 8-year-old boy known to have Duchenne's muscular dystrophy suffered a cardiac arrest 10 minutes after he regained consciousness after isoflurane anaesthesia for an orchidopexy procedure. Resuscitation was successful 2 hours after the start of external cardiac compression and after correction of hyperkalaemia and the administration of dantrolene. He later developed myoglobinuria elevated creatine kinase and a metabolic and respiratory acidosis. He demonstrated a delayed increase in rectal temperature.