Effects of pre-motion electromyographic silent period on dynamic force exertion during a rapid ballistic movement in man

Summary The effects of pre-motion silent period (PSP) on dynamic force exertion were studied in ten healthy subjects performing ballistic elbow extensions. The experiments were designed to evaluate the significance of mean differences between the averaged dynamic force curves of two groups: PSP-presence groups and PSP-absence groups. The presence of PSP was judged quantitatively and automatically by means of a newly developed method using statistical analysis. The results indicated that there were two effects of PSP on dynamic force exertion: one was a reducing effect, observed prior to the movement; the other was a reinforcing effect, observed in the first part of the ballistic movement. The duration of the reinforcement was significantly correlated with the duration of the reducing effect of PSP. The findings suggested that the reinforcement of dynamic force may be produced by the pre-stretch of agonistic muscles caused by prior force reduction due to PSP occurrence. The fact that PSP plays an important role in dynamic force exertion suggests that PSP may be incorporated in the central motor control system designed to interrupt the background activity, to stretch the agonist and to reinforce the dynamic force.     

DADS通过Rac1/LIMK1/cofilin1通路增强沉默LIMK1抑制人胃癌BGC823细胞迁移侵袭

探讨二烯丙基二硫(DADS)通过Rac1/LIMK1/cofilin1通路对沉默LIMK1抑制BGC823细胞迁移侵袭的影响。划痕实验和侵袭实验观察迁移和侵袭能力;RT-PCR、Western blot、免疫组化检测LIMK1、Rac1、Rock1、Pak1与Cofilin1和p-Cofilin1表达。结果显示,DADS处理沉默组疤痕距离较对照组和沉默组增加(P<0.05)。DADS处理沉默组穿膜细胞低于对照组、空载体组与沉默组(P<0.05) 。沉默组LIMK1表达低于对照组和空载体组,DADS后,各处理组低于处理前各组(P<0.05)。并且,沉默组、对照组和空载体组的Rac1、Rock1、Pak1与p-cofilin1表达下调 (P<0.05)。表明DADS可增强沉默LIMK1抑制BGC823细胞迁移侵袭,机制可能与阻断Rac1/LIMK1/cofilin1通路有关。     

A study of silent disengagement and distressing emotion in psychotherapy

Abstract

Fifty-two psychotherapy sessions were coded for silences that reflect processes of client disengagement (e.g., withdrawal, resistance). The study examined the presence of these silences and clients' reports of in-session emotion and symptom change. Results indicated that disengagement predicted poorer proximal and distal outcome as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC) and poorer proximal outcome on the Symptom Checklist-5, but it was not significantly predictive of Outcome Questionnaire-45 scores. Interitem analyses revealed that disengagement had a significant proximal effect on depressive mood and negative self-evaluative items assessed by the BDI-PC, but across time these effects were sustained for the negative self-evaluative items only.     

Development and psychometric testing of the Organizational Silence Behavior Scale for healthcare professionals

Organizational silence maintained by professionals working in the healthcare sector could result in various moral dilemmas and might negatively affect patient care. The aim of this methodological study was to develop a scale that measured the organizational silence behaviors of healthcare professionals. During the development of the scale, researchers conducted in‐depth interviews with 30 healthcare professionals in order to create a draft pool of 66 scale items. After content validity, a 62 item scale was drafted. In the second stage of development, psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that adequate fit indices (χ² value to degrees of freedom = 3.54; goodness‐of‐fit index = .92; root mean square error of approximation = .90) were achieved and resulted in a 32 item scale with four subscales. These subscales were assessed using a 5 point Likert scale. The Cronbach's alpha for the scale was .93, and for the subscales, it was as follows: silence climate: α = .91, silence based on fear: = .91, acquiesce silence: α = .93, and silence based on protecting the organization: α = .85. The Organizational Silence Behavior Scale was successfully developed and showed satisfactory validity and reliability. It is usable among healthcare professionals.     

shRNA表达载体的改建及鉴定

目的通过改建pSilencer3.1-H1载体快速有效筛选重组shRNA表达载体,并可使线性化载体环化,长期保存。方法制备含有单一限制性内切酶NotⅠ识别序列的双链DNA插入片段,与BamHⅠ和HindⅢ酶切线性化的shRNA表达载体pSilencer3.1-H1连接,构建载体pSilencer3.1-H1/NotⅠ,再用BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切pSilenc-er3.1-H1/NotⅠ,将含靶向目的基因JAK2siRNA表达框的DNA模板与其连接,构建pSilencer3.1-H1/JAK2的shRNA表达载体,提取质粒DNA,用NotⅠ进行单酶切,快速选择阳性克隆,选取不能被NotⅠ切开的质粒进行测序鉴定。随后将pSilencer3.1-H1/JAK2转染胃癌细胞系,用Western blot检测JAK2蛋白的表达。结果通过测序证实pSilencer3.1-H1/NotⅠ和含JAK2siRNA表达框的表达载体成功构建,将其转染胃癌细胞系AGS后,抑制了JAK2蛋白的表达。结论通过对pSilencer3.1-H1表达载体的改建可以快速有效地筛选shRNA表达载体。     

siRNA干扰大鼠神经元Nogo受体mRNA 表达的时程研究

目的：观察大鼠Nogo受体（NgR）特异性小于扰RNA（small interfering RNA，siRNA）在原代神经元干扰其mRNA表达的时程效果。方法：体外培养大鼠原代皮层和海马细胞，应用阳离子脂质体转染试剂转染针对2个基因片段（199和964位点）的大鼠NgR特异性siRNA和对照siRNA，分别于转染后24h、48h、72h和96h，应用文时荧光定量PCR检测NgRmRNA表达情况。结果：2对siRNA（siNgRl99和siNgR964）均能够下调靶基因mRNA的表达水平，24h、48h、72h和96h，NgR mRNA表达分别为对照siRNA组的38．12％、12.47％、3．96％、18.4％（siNgR199）和49．54％、24．25％、13．17％、37．93％（siNgR964），与对照siRNA组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：NgR特异性siRNA能够在原代皮层和海马细胞下凋靶基因mRNA的表达水平．且基因沉默效果存转染后3d最显著，     

Hiwi基因靶向沉默对乳腺癌MCF-7/ADM细胞化疗敏感性的影响

目的：探讨耐阿霉素乳腺癌MCF-7/ADM细胞应用Hiwi基因靶向沉默技术后对阿霉素敏感性的变化,阐明Hiwi基因在乳腺癌MCF-7/ADM细胞耐药机制中的作用。方法：MCF-7/ADM细胞分为对照组、Hiwi siRNA1组和Hiwi siRNA2组,分别转染Hiwi control、Hiwi siRNA1和Hiwi siRNA2 3种不同载体,应用实时定量PCR和Western blotting法检测Hiwi基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平,判断转染效率。转染后各组乳腺癌MCF-7/ADM细胞加入不同浓度阿霉素（0、0.1、0.5和1.0mg·L^-1）,0mg·L^-1阿霉素组为对照组,采用MTT法检测各组MCF-7/ADM细胞的存活率,即耐药敏感性。结果：与对照组比较,转染后Hiwi siRNA1和Hiwi siRNA2组细胞中Hiwi基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显降低（P<0.01）。与对照组比较,经不同浓度阿霉素作用后,Hiwi siRNA1组和Hiwi siRNA2组细胞存活率明显降低（P<0.01）,阿霉素浓度为1.0 mg·L^-1时,2组细胞存活率分别为（48.15±6.28）%和（41.73±6.17）%,对阿霉素的敏感性明显增强。结论：Hiwi基因在MCF-7/ADM细胞中具有高效的靶向沉默,Hiwi基因沉默后的MCF-7/ADM细胞对阿霉素恢复敏感性。     

siRNA靶向慢病毒对人喉癌Hep-2细胞系FAK基因的沉默效应

目的探讨siRNA靶向慢病毒对人喉癌Hep-2细胞系FAK基因的沉默效应,以期探索喉鳞癌基因治疗的新途径。方法 Western Blot检测人喉鳞状细胞癌细胞系Hep-2中的FAK蛋白表达水平。用FAK-RNAi慢病毒转染Hep-2细胞,同时监测转染效率。半定量RT-PCR检测FAK基因被FAK-siRNA沉默后mRNA的表达水平。Western-blotting检测FAK基因被FAK-siRNA沉默后蛋白质的表达水平。采用荧光PI染色检测凋亡细胞数目,MTT法检测细胞体外增生能力。结果 Western blot结果显示Hep-2细胞中FAK的3个蛋白片段表达量较高。多次重复western blot检测转染前后Hep-2细胞的FAK基因蛋白表达发现,FAK-RNAi慢病毒对目的基因在Hep2细胞中具有显著knockdown作用。使用RT-PCR技术检测FAK-siRNA干扰Hep-2细胞系前后FAK mRNA的表达发现,FAK-RNAi慢病毒对目的基因,在mRNA水平有明显knockdown作用。PI染料染色后,可见FAK-RNAi组30%～35%的肿瘤细胞凋亡。MTT Assay结果显示,FAK-siRNA慢病毒转染Hep2细胞后,Hep2细胞活力明显下降。结论经用慢病毒载体介导的FAK-siRNA在喉鳞癌细胞中可获得高效转染,并能产生特异性的基因沉默效应。     

应用RNA干扰抑制目的基因在小鼠体内表达

目的研究RNA干扰(RNAi)对体外和体内基因表达的沉默作用。方法以PCR方法从基因组DNA中克隆出依赖于RNA聚合酶Ⅲ的H1启动子,并用于驱动RNAi片段的合成;构建特异性针对目的基因(绿色荧光蛋白,GFP)的RNAi载体(Pi)。将RNAi干扰载体和GFP载体转染NIH3T3细胞,应用荧光显微镜观察、RT-PCR、流式细胞技术(FACS)分析上述细胞中RNAi对目的基因GFP表达的抑制效果,进一步在个体水平将RNAi载体注入小鼠体内,研究RNAi对GFP表达的抑制情况。结果RNAi能有效地使NIH3T3细胞中GFP表达量降低约60%以上,并能有效地抑制GFP在转基因小鼠体内的表达。结论RNAi技术能抑制目的基因在体内外的表达,是一种有效的基因治疗工具。     

SILENCE LENDS INTEGRITY TO SPEECH: TRANSCENDING THE OPPOSITES OF SPEECH AND SILENCE IN THE ANALYTIC DIALOGUE

In this paper the interplay between silence and the spoken words used by analyst and patient will be explored within the context of clinical practice. Both analyst and patient, it is argued, are engaged in a personal struggle to try to discover an integrative connection between silence, often experienced as nothingness, and speech, often experienced as suffocating or mendacious. The uses of silence in aiding speech to attain integrity will be described with reference to two clinical vignettes. Selections from psychoanalytic theory and practice will be discussed, throwing some light on silence and analytic spoken dialogue, and it will be argued that a Jungian perspective contributes a further, unique, insight through the concept of transcendent function. This is a way of seeing silence and speech as opposites, out of which new levels of meaning arise as a result of union and unconscious cooperation in the relationship between them. This union is known as coniunctio.