产褥期并发深静脉栓塞的预防和护理

探讨引发产褥期深静脉栓塞的危险因素,加强早期观察,实施有效的预防措施,以及产褥期深静脉栓塞病人的护理对策。     

Anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in maternal serum during pregnancy

BACKGROUND: In females, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is expressed only by the ovary. AMH is secreted by the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles and appears to regulate early follicle development. AMH is detected in serum from women of reproductive age and its levels vary slightly with the menstrual cycle, reaching the peak value in the late follicular phase. This study investigated serum AMH levels throughout gestation and after delivery in healthy pregnant women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited pregnant women and healthy non-pregnant women, 84 in total. AMH, FSH and E2 were measured in the follicular phase, in the three trimesters of pregnancy and in early puerperium. RESULTS: Estradiol and FSH levels followed the expected patterns during gestation. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle AMH levels were 1.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml. In the three trimesters of pregnancy and in early puerperium AMH levels were: 2.1 +/- 0.56, 2.4 +/- 0.64, 1.95 +/- 0.6 and 2.05 +/- 0.55 ng/ml respectively. No significant modifications were found in AMH levels during pregnancy and in the early puerperium. CONCLUSIONS: This study has obtained information on AMH and on the possible relationship with FSH. We hypothesize that the profile of the new marker of ovarian activity AMH may indicate that initial non-cyclic ovarian follicular activity during pregnancy is not abolished. Moreover FSH, does not seem to play a direct role on AMH synthesis and secretion.     

孕产妇脑静脉窦及静脉血栓形成的早期诊断及误诊分析

脑静脉窦及静脉血栓形成(cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis,CVST)是缺血性脑血管病的特殊类型,好发于妊娠期和产褥期的孕产妇。发病率低,起病隐匿,临床表现错综复杂,易于误诊、漏诊,死亡率、致残率高,但早期诊断和干预则预后良好。本文重点就孕产妇CVST的早期诊断及误诊相关研究做一综述,以促进临床医师及早识别危险预警,避免误诊,早期诊断,及时干预。     

Changes in the levels of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor in the puerperium

To determine changes in Factor VIII (FVIII) and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) in the first 3 days of the puerperium. A prospective study assessing FVIII clotting activity, VWF activity and antigen levels in 95 women (with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies) during labour and on days 1, 2 and 3 of the puerperium. There were no significant differences in FVIII, VWF:Ag and VWF:CB on days 1 and 2 of the puerperium compared with levels during labour. There was a significant decrease in VWF:Ag (P = 0.009) and VWF:CB (P = 0.04) on day 3. Age, ethnicity, duration of labour and mode of delivery did not have any significant effect on the changes in FVIII and VWF levels. The pregnancy induced increase in FVIII and VWF is maintained in the first 48 h after delivery. VWF levels start to decline on day 3 postdelivery.     

外周血D-二聚体水平对妊娠期和产褥早期女性发生血栓栓塞性疾病的影响

目的探讨外周血D-二聚体(D-D)对妊娠期和产褥早期女性发生血栓栓塞性疾病的影响,并分析两个时期外周血D-D水平的变化趋势。方法选取2015年1月-2016年7月在上海市嘉定区妇幼保健院足月分娩的健康单胎孕妇4 000例,产后发生下肢静脉血栓栓塞或肠系膜静脉血栓栓塞产妇2例。将正常孕产妇根据孕周分为:早孕组(<12周)、中孕组(12~28周)、晚孕组(>28周)、产褥期A组(≤24 h)、产褥期B组(25~48 h),每组各800例,检测各组血浆D-D、D-D 95%CI的水平。结果外周血D-D与孕程相关:中孕组、晚孕组和产褥期各组女性外周血D-D水平均高于早孕组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);产褥期B组D-D水平下降,显著低于晚孕组及产褥期A组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。外周血D-D与分娩方式相关:产褥期A组和B组中阴道分娩者外周血D-D水平低于剖宫产分娩者,产褥期A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。外周血D-D水平与血栓栓塞疾病相关:栓塞组的外周血D-D水平显著高于健康女性,产褥期A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论外周血D-D水平不具有稳定性,临床上不宜作为筛查血栓栓塞性疾病的指标。     

院内外团队协作入户对产妇实施母乳喂养与产褥期照护支持研究

目的 通过实施院内外联动母乳喂养与产褥期照护支持,了解母婴产褥期健康问题,总结入户访视经验,为完善产褥期健康管理提供依据。方法由医院指导团队对社区入户指导团队4名成员进行培训和一对一对接指导,协助制订入户照护方案,由入户指导团队对102名存在母乳喂养问题的产妇行入户访视服务,包括母乳喂养与产褥期照护支持。结果共完成118人次入户访视服务。最常见的产妇问题为哺乳姿势问题,占73.7%;最常见的婴儿问题为喂养遇到的难题,占65.2%。产妇对访视服务的满意度为100%,未发生事故和投诉。结论院内外团队协作入户对产妇行母乳喂养与产褥期照护支持,能帮助产妇解决母乳喂养遇到的问题,提高产妇满意度。在实施前应构建访视团队以及相应的指导团队,加强入户指导质量把控,提高院内外联动性、对指导者进行一对一指导以提高服务质量。     

产后妇女漏尿症状及影响因素分析

目的 调查产后妇女发生漏尿症状的现状并分析其影响因素,为预防和积极干预提供参考。方法 采用便利抽样法,收集717例产后42~60 d复查的妇女的一般资料,测量产后盆底功能及评估产后漏尿情况。结果 717例产后妇女中,出现漏尿症状130例,发生率为18.13%。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、阴道分娩次数、分娩方式、妊娠期漏尿、生殖裂孔长度、Ⅰ类肌力、Ⅱ类肌力以及POP-Q分期与妇女产后出现漏尿症状有关（P＜0.05,P<0.01）;Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、顺产、产钳助产、Ⅰ类肌力和妊娠期漏尿是产后妇女发生漏尿症状的影响因素（P<0.05,P<0.01）。结论 产后42~60 d妇女的漏尿患病率处于较高水平,年龄增大、顺产及产钳助产、I类肌力减弱和妊娠期漏尿可增加产后出现漏尿症状的概率,临床医护人员应早期给予积极干预,以降低产后漏尿的发生率。     

Narcolepsy and pregnancy: a retrospective European evaluation of 249 pregnancies

In a retrospective cohort study undertaken in 12 European countries, 249 female narcoleptic patients with cataplexy (n = 216) and without cataplexy (n = 33) completed a self‐administrated questionnaire regarding pregnancy and childbirth. The cohort was divided further into patients whose symptoms of narcolepsy started before or during pregnancy (308 pregnancies) and those in whom the first symptoms of narcolepsy appeared after delivery (106 pregnancies). Patients with narcolepsy during pregnancy were older during their first pregnancy (P < 0.001) and had a higher body mass index (BMI) prior to pregnancy (P < 0.01). Weight gain during pregnancy was higher in narcoleptic patients with cataplexy (P < 0.01). More patients with narcolepsy–cataplexy during pregnancy had impaired glucose metabolism and anaemia. Three patients experienced cataplexy during delivery. The rate of caesarean sections was higher in the narcolepsy–cataplexy group compared to the narcolepsy group (P < 0.05). The mean birth weight and gestational age of neonates were within the normal range and did not differ across groups. Neonatal care was affected adversely by symptoms of narcolepsy in 60.1% of those with narcolepsy during pregnancy. This study reports more obstetric complications in patients with narcolepsy–cataplexy during pregnancy; however, these were not severe. This group also had a higher BMI and higher incidence of impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Caesarian section was conducted more frequently in narcolepsy–cataplexy patients, despite cataplexy being a rare event during delivery. Furthermore, symptoms of narcolepsy may render care of the infant more difficult.     

产褥期妇女健商量表的编制及其信效度检验

目的：编制产褥期妇女健商量表(postpartum women health quotient scale,PWHQS),并进行信效度检验.方法通过深度访谈、文献回顾、德尔菲法,拟定PWHQS初始量表条目.2014年4-6月,采用方便抽样方法,对苏州市两所三级甲等医院符合标准的395例产褥期妇女进行初量表调查,采用项目分析、探索性因子分析及信效度检验对量表进行评价.结果形成42个条目的初始量表,经探索性因子分析后删除8个条目,共提取5个公因子,累计方差贡献率为63．794％.量表信度分析,内部一致性信度Cronbachα系数为0．92,Spearman-Brown折半系数为0．86.效度分析显示,内容效度 CVI为0．922;结构效度,集合系数为0．547~0．774、区分系数为0．148~0．572,各因子间相关系数为0．297~0．565、因子与量表总分的相关系数为0．297~0．849,相关系数均有统计学意义(均P＜0．01).结论量表信效度良好,可作为评估产褥期妇女健商的测量工具.     

Domperidone in defective and insufficient lactation

The clinical use of anti-dopaminergic drugs to stimulate plasma PRL levels, to induce lactogenesis and maintain an adequate lactation has been widely suggested, taking into consideration the main inhibitory role of hypothalamic dopamine on PRL secretion. We therefore studied the effects of domperidone (DOM), a direct anti-dopaminergic drug with a low tendency to be secreted in the milk and which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, on inducing lactogenesis in 8 puerperal women with a history of defective lactogenesis (group A) and inducing galactopoiesis in 9 puerperal women who showed 2 weeks after delivery an insufficient lactation (group B). A placebo treatment was performed in 7 and 8 puerperal women with the same characteristics of group A and B, respectively. PRL plasma levels were assayed in basal conditions and after suckling from the 2nd to the 5th day of puerperium in group A and through a 10-day treatment in group B. In both groups domperidone-treated subjects always showed baseline PRL levels and daily milk yield significantly higher than those of the placebo group (P less than 0.01). The lack of any side-effects and the positive results suggest a high usefulness of such a drug in inducing and/or maintaining successful breast feeding, which is at present considered so important for a healthy development of infants.