脑出血继发损伤中沉默信息调节因子2的表达和炎症反应*

目的：探讨脑出血对酵母沉默信息调节因子2（Sirt2）和炎症的影响。方法：将胶原酶Ⅳ注入SD大鼠右侧 纹状体中建立脑出血模型，通过免疫印迹和ELISA 等方法测定大鼠脑出血后48 h 的Sirt2 的表达及炎症变化。利 用Hemin 诱导PC12 细胞损伤模拟体外脑出血模型，并检测Sirt2 及炎症变化；采用短发夹RNA（shRNA）-Sirt2 沉 默Sirt2 在PC12 细胞中的表达及对炎症的影响。结果：手术后48 h 脑出血行为学评分最低。脑出血组Sirt2 的表达 显著高于假手术组。脑出血组IL-6、IL-1β 表达显著升高。结论：脑出血可以促进Sirt2 的表达和炎症反应，降低 Sirt2 的表达可减缓炎症反应。 关键词 脑出血；沉默信息调节     

丙泊酚麻醉对老龄大鼠认知功能和海马神经元γ-氨基丁酸A受体表达的影响

目的观察丙泊酚麻醉对老龄大鼠认知功能及海马神经元γ-氨基丁酸A(GABA)受体表达的影响。方法50只SD老年大鼠随机分为丙泊酚组和对照组,每组25只。丙泊酚组大鼠腹腔注射1%丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳注射液6 mL/kg,对照组腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水。麻醉后1 d进行Morris水迷宫实验,分别采用HE染色和尼氏体染色观察海马区神经细胞及尼氏体(Nissl体)形态学变化,Western Blot检测GABA蛋白量表达。结果麻醉后,2组大鼠肛温、心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随着实验时间的延长,2组大鼠逃逸潜伏期、总里程数逐渐减小,丙泊酚组大鼠各时间点逃逸潜伏期、总里程均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。丙泊酚组大鼠穿越平台区域次数、时间小于、短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组海马区Nissl体存在于细胞浆及树突,染色较深,神经细胞排列整齐,形态规则;丙泊酚组Nissl体消失,神经细胞数量减少,细胞核破裂、丢失。丙泊酚组大鼠海马GABA蛋白表达量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丙泊酚对大鼠认知功能有影响,并与海马区GABA的表达相关。     

异丙酚和异氟醚对非体外循环搭桥术患者围术期细胞因子的影响

目的:研究异丙酚和异氟醚对非体外循环搭桥术患者围术期炎性与抗炎性细胞因子平衡的影响。方法:择期非体外循环搭桥患者50例,随机分为2组。异丙酚组微量泵输入剂量为4～6mg·kg-·1h-1,异氟醚组吸入浓度为1%～1.5%。检测诱导前、打开心包、旁路血管开放30min,术后2h、24h血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的浓度。结果:2组患者旁路血管开放后IL-6浓度较术前升高(P<0.01),术后2h达高峰;术后2h异氟醚组高于异丙酚组(P<0.05)。IL-10浓度变化趋势与IL-6相似,旁路血管开放后、术后2h和24h异丙酚组高于异氟醚组(P<0.05)。2组患者TNF-α水平均无显著变化。结论:异丙酚麻醉促进IL-10的产生,抑制IL-6的产生,控制术中应激反应异丙酚优于异氟醚。     

异丙酚与安氟醚或七氟醚静吸复合麻醉对心肌酶的影响

目的:观察异丙酚与安氟醚或七氟醚静吸复合麻醉对心肌酶的影响.方法:32例择期非心脏手术的全麻病人,随机分为4组(每组8例),分别给予安氟醚麻醉(A组)、七氟醚麻醉(B组)、异丙酚-安氟醚麻醉(C组)、异丙酚-七氟醚麻醉(D组).其中A、B组为对照组,C、D组为观察组.分别于麻醉前、麻醉诱导后2 h和术后3 d采集静脉血测血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)及其同功酶(CK-MB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH).结果:麻醉诱导后2 h,A组CK、CK-MB值、LDH及HBDH值升高,与麻醉前比较差异有显著性(P<0.01或P<0.05);B组CK和CK-MB值升高,与麻醉前比较差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01).术后3 d,A、B两组CK值升高,与麻醉前和麻醉诱导后2 h比较差异有显著性(P<0.01或P<0.05),AST值升高,与麻醉前比较差异有显著性(P<0.01或P<0.05).而且A、B两组相比较,A组的CK、LDH值升高幅度明显大于B组(P<0.05).C、D两组仅CK值在术后3 d与麻醉前比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01),但其升高幅度均明显低于A、B两组的同时值(P<0.01),其余各项心肌酶的变化在麻醉诱导后2 h及术后3 d差异均无显著性(P>0.05).与C组比较,A组在麻醉诱导后2 h CK、CK-MB、HBDH值升高(P<0.01),LDH值升高(P<0.05);在术后3 d CK值升高(P<0.01).与D组比较,B组CK值在麻醉诱导后2 h及术后3 d升高(P<0.01),CK-MB值在麻醉诱导后2 h升高(P<0.05).结论:安氟醚和七氟醚两者均能使心肌酶升高,但安氟醚所致的心肌酶升高幅度更明显;临床麻醉剂量的异丙酚能有效地防止安氟醚和七氟醚麻醉时心肌酶的升高.     

The use of propofol and alfentanil by infusion in military anaesthesia

A total intravenous technique using propofol and alfentanil was used successfully in four battlefield casualties treated at a British Military Field Hospital during the recent Gulf conflict. All patients made a rapid recovery of adequate quality for prompt evacuation. We believe that the use of propofol and alfentanil as an induction and maintenance regimen for military anaesthesia merits further evaluation and comparison with established techniques.     

Intubating conditions provided by propofol and alfentanil - acceptable, but not ideal

Background: The use of muscle relaxants to facilitate intubation is associated with several side effects regardless of whether depolarizing or non-depolarizing drugs are used. In the present study we compared the intubating conditions, haemodynamic responses and changes in oxygen saturation following induction with alfentanil and propofol or alfentanil, thiopental and suxamethonium.
Methods: Eighty patients (ASA I or II) were in a double-blind manner assigned to receive either of the two induction methods. Intubating conditions were assessed on the basis of jaw relaxation, ease of insertion of the endotracheal tube and coughing on intubation. Heart rate, systolic arterial pressure and oxygen saturation were monitored throughout the procedure.
Results: The use of alfentanil and propofol resulted in significantly lower scored intubation points. Systolic arterial pressure decreased and heart rate increased significantly in the alfentanil-thiopental-suxamethonium group as compared to the alfentanil-propofol group. There were no significant changes in oxygen saturation.
Conclusion: The results show that propofol and alfentanil in combination provides haemodynamic stability and unaltered oxygen saturation but less optimal intubating conditions.     

An audit of adverse events in children sedated with chloral hydrate or propofol during imaging studies

We examined records of sedations provided by the paediatric anaesthesiology staff for 455 children (ages 1 mo-17 yr) undergoing MRI or CT scans at our institution over a twelve-month period with regard to the monitoring of adverse events: excessive sedation, agitation, vomiting, hypoxaemia, and major airway compromise. One hundred-and-thirty-one patients (29%) received chloral hydrate; 324 patients (71%) received propofol. All patients were monitored with continuous noninvasive pulse oximetry and received supplemental oxygen via nasal cannulae. Of the patients who received chloral hydrate, 64 (49%) were over one year of age; of the patients who received propofol, 318 (98%) were one year of age or older. In the chloral hydrate group, 23 patients (19%) were deemed excessively sedated and four patients (3%) were agitated; no patients in the propofol group experienced any of the adverse outcomes reviewed. Furthermore, no patients in either group had significant airway compromise and none was admitted to the hospital as a result of the sedation.     

Effects of low-dose propofol administration on central respiratory drive, gas exchanges and respiratory pattern

The effects of sedative-hypnotic doses of propofol on respiratory drive and pattern have not yet been extensively described. Repeated small boluses of propofol (0.6-0.3 mg.kg-1) were administered to ten ASA I patients undergoing carpal tunnel release using regional anaesthesia. Airway pressure, capnography and pneumotachography were continuously recorded. With respect to basal values, no significant variations of respiratory rate, minute volume, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory time, total expiratory cycle, Ti/Ttot, TV/Ti, P0.1, EtCO2 and blood gas analysis were observed. Low doses of propofol, to maintain conscious sedation of light sleep, have not been shown to cause respiratory depression.     

异丙酚减轻大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤

目的探讨异丙酚对大鼠高压力机械通气所致急性肺损伤的影响。方法24只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组（n=8）,采用压力控制机械通气模式通气。A组为对照组,通气模式为PIP=25 cmH2O,PEEP=2 cm H2O;B、C两组为异丙酚组,通气模式同A组,B组输注模式为静注2 mg／kg,继以4 mg·ks^-1·h^-1速度持续输注;C组输注模式为静注5 mg／kg,继以10 mg·kg^-1·h^-1速度持续输注,记录基础时点、1h、2 h、3 h、4 h的MAP、HR和动脉血气。4 h后处死全部大鼠。测量肺组织湿干比、BALF中蛋白含量,观察肺组织病理形态学变化。结果A组MAP、PaO2和pH在4 h时显著降低,与基础值相比有统计学差异（P〈 0．05）,而B、C两组与基础值相比无明显变化。在4h时A组的PaCO2显著升高（P〈0．05）,而B、C两组与基础值相比无明显变化。肺组织湿／干比和BALF中蛋白含量A组亦明显高于B、C两组（P〈0．05）。B、C组间无显著差别。肺组织形态学改变B、C组好于A组,肺组织中性粒细胞浸润程度也较轻。结论异丙酚对机械通气所致急性肺损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与减少中性粒细胞在肺内浸润有关。     

异丙酚对MPTP损伤的小鼠黑质多巴胺神经元的保护作用

目的　观察异丙酚对 1 甲基 4 苯基 1,2 ,3 ,6 四氢吡啶 (1 methyl 4 phenyl 1,2 ,3 ,6 tetrahydropyridineMPTP)损伤的小鼠纹状体多巴胺神经元的影响以及可能的作用机制。方法　给予Propofol 10 0mg/ (kg·d)后注射MPTP 2 0mg/ (kg·d) ,用药 6d。 12d后分离纹状体应用高效液相 -电化学方法检测纹状体多巴胺、二羟基苯乙酸及高香草酸的含量水平 ,应用12 5I- β-CIT放射性配基和免疫组化的方法检测多巴胺转运蛋白的活性和黑质神经元的损伤情况。结果　异丙酚可增加MPTP模型鼠多巴胺及其代谢产物的含量 ,异丙酚处理组DA ,DOPAC ,HVA的含量分别为 (8.2 417± 1.692 ) μg/ g、(1.3 81± 0 .486) μg/g和 (1.63 3 9± 0 .5 73 ) μg/ g ,与MPTP损伤组比较 ,明显增加。异丙酚亦可抑制黑质酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)阳性神经元的减少。MPTP组注射MPTP 6d后 ,纹状体DAT为 (5 .3 13± 0 .64 2 )与正常组 (6.992± 0 .5 48) μg/ g比较显著下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,P +M组纹状体DAT为 (6.5 65± 0 .40 5 ) ,明显高于MPTP组 (P <0 .0 1) ,即减轻纹状体内多巴胺转运蛋白密度下降。结论　异丙酚对MPTP损伤的DA神经元具有一定的保护作用 ,其保护作用可能与抑制多巴胺转运蛋白活性有关