Transarterial embolization of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation after unsuccessful stereotactic radiosurgery

The authors present three cases of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) diagnosed in infancy and submitted by the referring teams for stereotactic radiosurgery as the initial therapy (therapeutic doses ranging between 20–25 Gy and 40–50 Gy to the peak dose). After the conventional follow-up of 18–24 months, no change could be detected in the angioarchitecture of the lesions. All three cases were then referred for endovascular treatment and underwent embolization by the transarterial route using liquid adhesives (N-butyl cyanoacrylate). This resulted in complete anatomical exclusion of the lesion. Regardless of the theoretical efficiency of radiosurgery in the management of brain arteriovenous malformations, the present authors believe that transarterial embolization remains the treatment of choice in VGAMs. It offers a high rate of morphological cure and the best chances for normal neurocognitive development. The time required by radiosurgery to achieve a significant result is too long for developing and maturing brain and may not prevent the negative effects of the lesion, mainly in regard to hemo- and hydrodynamic disorders (atrophy, subcortical calcifications, etc.) created by the VGAM, thus leading to irreversible mental retardation.     

骨巨细胞瘤继发动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像诊断

目的提高骨巨细胞瘤（GCT）继发动脉瘤样骨囊肿（ABC）的认识和影像诊断水平。方法搜集经手术病理证实的12例GCT继发ABC的X线、CT、MRI和病理学资料，分析和总结其影像征象。结果12例中6例病变发生于长管状骨，6例发生于盆骨。12例病变X线均表现为囊状膨胀性溶骨性骨破坏，10例呈偏心性破坏，2例为中心性破坏；4例病灶内出现骨性分隔，6例骨皮质中断，4例出现软组织肿块，有明显硬化边者2例。10例行MR平扫和增强检查，均呈多囊的囊实性膨胀性肿块，8例为边缘性实性结节，2例为实性基础上的广泛囊变，全部患者均可见多个液一液平面，7例出现软组织肿块；1例肿块内可见局灶性含铁血黄素沉着。8例行螺旋cT平扫、增强、CT血管成像（CTA）和三维（3D）多平面重组（MPR），病变显示为囊实性肿块，骨皮质破裂并形成软组织肿块5例，6例肿块内出现液．液平面，全部肿块实质性部分和囊壁明显强化，囊性部分不强化，3例肿块内可见增粗迂曲的供血动脉，未发现动静脉畸形。12例手术所见和术后病理显示肿块均由多发含血的囊腔和实性部分组成，病理诊断结果均为GCT伴发ABC，其中Ⅱ级GCTl0例，Ⅲ级2例。结论GCT伴发ABC并不少见，充分理解其病理组织学基础，并选择恰当的影像检查方法（X线＋MRI或X线＋CT）对其正确诊断非常重要。     

儿童跟骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿:病例报告及文献分析

[目的]跟骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿是一种少见病，本文报告了1例儿童跟骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿患者。[方法]本文结合文献回顾性分析了跟骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿患儿的临床、影像学及组织病理学表现。[结果]肿物累及右侧跟骨，经肿物刮除术和植骨术后恢复良好。组织病理学检查确诊为右侧跟骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿。随访2年无复发。[结论]跟骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿是一种少见病，对于单纯的动脉瘤样骨囊肿，肿物刮除术和植骨术是有效的治疗方法。     

Development and Validation of Scoring Indication of Surgical Clipping and Endovascular Coiling for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from the Post Hoc Analysis of Japan Stroke Data Bank

There are no scoring methods for optimal treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We developed a scoring model to predict clinical outcomes according to aSAH risk factors using data from the Japan Stroke Data Bank (JSDB). Of 5344 patients initially registered in the JSDB, 3547 met the inclusion criteria. Patients had been diagnosed with aSAH and treated with surgical clipping or endovascular coiling between 1998 and 2013. We performed multivariate logistic regression for poor outcomes at discharge, indicated by a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score >2, and in-hospital mortality for both treatment methods. Based on each risk factor, we developed a scoring model assessing its validity using another dataset of our institution. In the surgical clipping group, scoring criteria for aSAH were age >72 years, history of more than once stroke, World Federation of Neurological Societies (WFNS) grades II–V, aneurysmal size >15 mm, and vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) aneurysm location. In the endovascular coiling group, scoring criteria were age >80 years, history of stroke, WFNS grades III–V, computed tomography (CT) Fisher group 4, and aneurysmal location in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). The rates of poor outcome of mRS score >2 in an isolated dataset using these scoring criteria were significantly correlated with our model’s scores, so this scoring model was validated. This scoring model can help in the more objective treatment selection in patients with aSAH.     

Soft tissue aneurysmal bone cyst of left hemithorax with review of literature

Soft tissue aneurysmal bone cysts (STABCs) are extremely rare extraosseous counterpart of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), with close resemblance to histo-morphologic characteristics of ABC. Here we would like to report a 13-year-old female patient, who presented with a large mass, occupying the entire left hemithorax. Patient underwent resection of the thoracic mass. On histopathological examination, it was found to be a soft tissue ABC. It is a very rare tumor and until date 28 cases have been reported in English literature, to the best of our knowledge. On review of the literature, we found this to be the first case of STABC reported in thoracic cavity. The objective of this case presentation is to provide information regarding clinical presentation, radiological and pathological features, and course of management for this rare disease. Soft tissue ABCs are a new class of tumors, so more extensive research is required to establish standard guidelines for their diagnosis and management, to yield better prognosis.     

Cardiac manifestations of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating condition. It carries a high mortality rate, with 12% of patients dying before reaching the hospital. Aside from its neurological morbidities, SAH is associated with significant medical complications. Cardiac manifestations are common and can impact morbidity and mortality in SAH patients. This article will discuss the cardiac manifestations of SAH.     

Time Trends in Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Over the Past 30 Years

Objective

To analyze trends in mortality rates, functional outcomes, and treatment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) over the past 3 decades.

云南地区动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血手术患者的长期结局分析

目的 为云南地区动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）手术患者的长期临床结局提供真实数据支撑。方法 回顾性分析85例aSAH手术患者,记录他们的人口学特征、血管危险因素、入院时的病情严重程度和动脉瘤的位置。采用改良Rankin量表（mRS）和ADL量表评价两种手术方式后患者的临床结局和生活能力。结果 34例（40.0%）行开颅夹闭,51例（60.0%）行血管内栓塞治疗。经过中位数66.23个月（IOR为12.03个月）的随访,84.7%的患者mRS评分较低,78.8%的患者能独立生活。入院时患者的WFNS分级,分别与随访时mRS评分（95% CI=1.48-19.09,P=0.011）和ADL评分（95% CI=2.55-28.77,P<0.001）显著相关。多变量分析显示,年龄（95% CI=1.02-1.23,P=0.017;95% CI=1.00-1.15,P=0.038）和入院时高WFNS分级（95%CI=2.19-141.48,P=0.007;95% CI=2.84-82.61,P=0.002）是随访时mRS评分和ADL评分的独立预测因子。两种手术方式的长期结果和住院时间无显著差异（P>0.05）,但住院费用血管内栓塞组明显高于开颅夹闭组（P<0.001）。结论 在云南地区的这组患者中,老龄和入院时高WFNS分级都容易导致临床结局不良;开颅夹闭或血管内栓塞在长期治疗效果方面没有优劣;从卫生经济学的角度,高WFNS分级的患者更适合开颅夹闭。     

前循环动脉瘤夹闭术后迟发性癫痫的 相关因素分析

目的 探讨前循环动脉瘤夹闭术后迟发性癫痫的相关影响因素。方法 选取2012年1月至2022年1月于南昌大学第四附属医院接受开颅夹闭动脉瘤治疗的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH）患者250例纳入研究,根据是否发生迟发性癫痫将其分为癫痫组（12例）和非癫痫组（238例）,记录患者的年龄、性别、入院时世界神经外科联盟（World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies,WFNS）分级和改良Fisher量表分级、出院后3个月的格拉斯哥预后量表（Glasgow outcome scale,GOS）评分、术中电生理检测情况。结果 癫痫组患者的神经电生理监测异常、症状性脑血管痉挛、术后脑水肿比例均显著大于非癫痫组（P<0.05）;两组患者的改良Fisher量表评分分布比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;aSAH患者术后癫痫发生率与WFNS分级呈正相关（r=0.958,P<0.05）,与GOS评分呈负相关（r=–0.951,P<0.01）;两组患者的动脉瘤位置比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 神经电生理监测下开颅夹闭动脉瘤能有效降低患者术后癫痫发生率,改善患者预后。WFNS分级越高、GOS评分越低的患者癫痫发生率越高,应对此类患者予以重点关注。     

Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET) 1 and 2

To distinguish the characteristics of ruptured cerebral aneurysm that are suitable for endovascular treatment from those that are not, we evaluated factors that influenced the results of aneurysm embolization in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm, based on data from the Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET) 1 and 2. The multivariate analysis revealed that young patients, patients with low modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores before onset, and patients with low World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grades had good outcome. Compared to proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms, the odds ratio of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms was 1.67, indicating poorer outcome for MCA aneurysms, and patients with small, wide-neck cerebral aneurysms had poor outcome. Patients treated after 15 days had better outcome than during other periods. The timing of treatment, however, did not influence the outcome in patients treated within 14 days. The outcome was poorer when the responsible doctor for the treatment was a specialist or a non-specialist than a supervisory doctor. The outcome of patients treated with bare platinum coils, and three dimensional (3D) rotational angiography was better, and the outcome of patients who completed treatment with body filling was poorer than in patients with complete occlusion. Perioperative hemorrhagic complications, all ischemic complications, and rebleeding occurred in 4.5%, 6.4%, and 1.4% of patients, respectively. All these complications had poor outcome factors on day 30, with odds ratios of 2.72, 2.96, and 25.49, respectively. We must be fully aware of these risk factors and determine indications for the treatment when endovascular treatment is performed as the treatment of choice for ruptured cerebral aneurysm.