应用套管针穿刺留置建立血液净化通路

目的为了减轻患者反复穿刺的痛苦,选择一种简便经济、安全、有效的穿刺方法建立血液净化通路。方法采用16G套管针直接动、静脉穿刺留置(A组),与16G内瘘针直接穿刺(B组)在血流量及血流稳定程度等方面比较。结果A组一次穿刺成功率94·6%,血流量(150~250ml/min)及血流稳定程度98·1%,均优于B组。结论对各种急性肾衰、毒物、药物中毒、慢性肾衰内瘘手术不成功等急需血液净化又需短时间内多次透析的患者,应用16G套管针直接动、静脉穿刺留置是行之有效的方法。     

Technical aspects and access devices for preperitoneal and retroperitoneal endoscopic surgery

The main advantages of preperitoneal and retroperitoneal endoscopic surgery over conventional laparoscopy or open surgery are the decreased risk of injury to organs and reduced postoperative adhesion formation. Exact knowledge of anatomy, as well as correct positioning of the patient, is essential for its success. While a blunt dissection technique, using either the fingers or an endoscope under pneumodissection, is preferred for preperitoneal surgery, the introduction of a balloon dissection device directly into the retroperitoneal cavity simplifies this procedure for retroperitoneoscopy. Different general surgical procedures are described for preperitoneal (hernia) and retroperitoneal (adrenalectomy, neurectomy/ sympathectomy) surgery. Urological/gynaecological procedures (kidney, tumor biopsy, lymphadenectomy) are excluded from this review. In recent years, the number of possible preperitoneal and retroperitoneal surgical procedures has increased, mainly as a result of the development of commercially-available balloon trocars and balloon-tipped trocars, which create and maintain a working space.     

A Comparison of Single-, Two- and Three-Port Laparoscopic Myomectomy

Background and Objective:

A recent FDA safety communication has discouraged the use of a power morcellator for myoma extraction and has called for a change in surgical techniques for myomectomy. The objective of this study was to compare surgical outcomes of laparoscopic single-, two-, and conventional three-port myomectomy and to evaluate the feasibility of contained manual morcellation for uterine myoma.

Methods:

This retrospective study was a review and analysis of data from 191 consecutive women who underwent single-, two-, or three-port myomectomy for the management of uterine myoma from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2014.

Results:

The 3 study groups did not differ demographically. Apart from operative time, the single- and two-port groups showed operative outcomes comparable to those of the multiport group. The single-port group had significantly longer operative times (P = .0053) than the two- and three-port groups. However, in the latter half of the single-port cases, the operative time was similar to those in the three-port group. The two-port surgery group showed a consistent operative time without a learning period.

Conclusion:

Single- or two-port myomectomy with transumbilical myoma morcellation is feasible and safe, with outcomes comparable to those of three-port myomectomy. These results suggest the potential for minimally invasive management of symptomatic uterine myoma, without the use of a power morcellator.     

Development of an animal model to investigate optimal laparoscopic trocar site fascial closure

Background

The rate of hernia formation after closure of 10–12 mm laparoscopic trocar sites is grossly under-reported. Using an animal model, we have developed a method to assess trocar site fascial dehiscence and the strength of different methods of fascial closure.

Materials and methods

Pigs (n = 9; 17 ± 2.5 lbs) underwent placement of 12 mm Hasson trocars with pneumoperitoneum maintained for 1 h. Three closure techniques (Figure-of-eight; simple interrupted; pulley) were compared with no fascial closure and to native fascia at five randomly allocated abdominal wall midline locations. Necropsy was performed on the fourth postoperative d. Statistical comparisons of tensile strength and breaking strength based on closure type and trocar location were made using ANOVA with Tukey’s tests.

Results

The mean (SD) force (Newtons) required for fascial disruption varied significantly with closure type [Native Fascia 170 (39), Figure-of-eight 169 (31), Pulley 167 (59), Simple Interrupted 151 (27), No Closure 108 (28)]; P = 0.007. The mean force required for fascial disruption was significantly increased for Native Fascia, Figure-of-eight, and Pulley relative to No Closure (P = 0.013, P = 0.015, P = 0.023, respectively). The mean (SD) force (in Newtons) required for fascial disruption also varied significantly with location of trocar [subxiphoid 181 (43), supraumbilical 151 (23), Umbilical 146 (23), infraumbilical 168 (62), suprapubic 120 (38)]; P = 0.03. The mean force for subxiphoid location was significantly increased relative to the suprapubic location (P = 0.021).

Conclusions

We have developed a novel assessment model that reliably detects differences in fascial integrity after laparoscopic trocar placement and closure. This model will allow for further testing of various trocars and closure techniques, and facilitate hernia prevention strategies.     

Aortic injuries during laparoscopic gastric bypass for morbid obesity in Sweden 2009–2010: A nationwide survey

BackgroundIn Sweden, bariatric surgery has increased more than tenfold in the past decade, from 700 to 8,600 procedures annually, and laparoscopic gastric bypass (LRYGB) dominates (92% of all procedures). This expansion makes safety issues crucial. The aim of this nationwide survey was to identify aortic injuries in LRYGB.MethodsAll 41 centers performing LRYGB in Sweden were asked if an aortic injury had occurred during the years 2009–2010. Techniques for entering the first trocar and way of establishing pneumoperitoneum were evaluated. The total number of procedures was collected from the national quality registry, Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg), and the National Patient Register.ResultsDuring the study period, 11,744 LRYGBs were performed. The analysis revealed 5 aortic injuries, all occurring in patients in whom an optical trocar had been placed before establishing pneumoperitoneum. Outcomes varied from no major sequelae to bilateral lower limb amputation and death. Based on the total number of LRYGBs, the risk for an aortic injury was .043% overall and .091% when an optical trocar was used.ConclusionAortic injury is a rare but serious complication in laparoscopic gastric bypass. In this survey, optical trocars constructed to reduce the risk of intraabdominal damage had been used in all 5 cases.     

In vivo real-time analysis of intraperitoneal radiolabeled tumor cell movement during laparoscopy

PURPOSE: A porcine model has been developed to allow the real-time imaging of radiolabeled tumor cell movement throughout the peritoneal cavity, both at rest and during carbon dioxide insufflation. METHODS: Fifteen 30-kg domestic white female pigs were used. Under anesthesia, 15 to 20 million radiolabeled human colorectal tumor cells (LIM1215) were introduced into the peritoneal cavity under laparoscopic vision into the pelvis. Radiolabeled tumor cell movement was examined by using a 25-cm-diameter, low-energy mobile gamma camera with high resolution collimator. Tumor cell movement and distribution during two hours without insufflation was examined in four pigs. Then tumor cell movement and distribution during two hours with CO₂ insufflation was examined in four pigs. In a further four pigs, tumor cells were then mixed with blood and injected into the peritoneal cavity and the effect of no insufflationvs. insufflation was noted. A further three pigs were examined with manipulation of the intra-abdominal contents after injection of LIM1215 cells into the peritoneal cavity. Venting insufflating CO₂ was filtered for tumor cells. RESULTS: Widespread intraperitoneal distribution of tumor cells from the pelvis was identified both with CO₂ insufflation of the peritoneal cavity and without insufflation. Tumor cells dispersed throughout the peritoneal cavity at a slower rate without carbon dioxide insufflation. There was a differential rate of tumor cell movement to the left upper quadrant and right upper quadrant with insufflation and without insufflation. Blood within the peritoneal cavity and an extended contact of the laparoscopic trocars with the peritoneal cavity in this setting increased contamination of the trocars and trocar sites with tumor cells. Tumor cells were identified on laparoscopic instruments in all experiments. No evidence of aerosolization of tumor cells was found. CONCLUSION: Tumor cells move throughout the peritoneal cavity both at rest and during CO₂ insufflation. The pattern of tumor cell dispersion differs with CO₂ insufflation. The presence of blood and extended contact of trocars with peritoneal contents are a major factor in trocar and trocar site tumor cell contamination.This work was performed at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia.Supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Alfred and Ferrers Scammel Scholarship, Faculty of Medicine, University of Adelaide.Material supplies provided by Johnson and Johnson Australia.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Antonio, Texas, May 2 to 7, 1998.     

腹腔镜下巨大卵巢囊肿穿刺抽液的一种简便方法

目的 探讨腹腔镜下巨大卵巢囊肿穿刺抽液的简便方法.方法 2008年6月~2012年1月,68例单纯性巨大卵巢囊肿行腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术或切除术,囊肿直径10~20 cm,平均15 cm.术中使用穿刺套管（套管鞘cannula＋棱锥形套管针trocar）稍用力穿刺囊壁进入囊腔,退出trocar,然后插入吸管,抽吸囊内液体.结果 手术均在腹腔镜下完成,术中6例囊液外溢.手术时间30~55 min,平均40 min,术中出血30~100 ml,平均55 ml,术后病理回报均为良性肿瘤（57例浆液性囊腺瘤,11例黏液性囊腺瘤）,未发生并发症.结论 该方法应用于腹腔镜下巨大卵巢囊肿剥除术或切除术中,简单易行,安全有效,值得临床推广使用.     

腹腔镜穿刺套管限位固定器在腹腔镜手术中的应斥体会

目的探讨腹腔镜穿刺套管限位固定器在腹腔镜手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析自2010年3月-2012年6月于我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的200例胆囊疾病患者的临床资料,将患者随机分为实验组和对照组各100例,实验组患者使用腹腔镜穿刺套管（Trocar）限位固定器,对照组则常规应用穿刺套管,对比分析两组患者手术时间、气腹压力稳定性、皮肤皮下组织损伤出血程度、皮下气肿和腹腔内副损伤等指标。结果两组患者手术均获成功。实验组患者手术时间短,气腹稳定性高。Trocar处皮肤皮下组织损伤小出血少,无皮下气肿出现,无腹腔内脏器副损伤出现。两组患者其他指标的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在腹腔镜手术中应用腹腔镜穿刺套管限位固定器,可方便术中操作,缩短手术时间,减少气腹泄露．减少和杜绝Trocar处皮肤皮下组织及腹腔内损伤,值得推广应用。     

Parasitic leiomyoma in the trocar site after laparoscopic myomectomy: A case report

BACKGROUNDLaparoscopic myomectomy is increasingly used for resecting gynecological tumors. Leiomyomas require morcellation for retrieval from the peritoneal cavity. However, morcellated fragments may implant on the peritoneal cavity during retrieval. These fragments may receive a new blood supply from an adjacent structure and develop into parasitic leiomyomas. Parasitic leiomyomas can occur spontaneously or iatrogenically; however, trocar-site implantation is an iatrogenic complication of laparoscopic uterine surgery. We describe a parasitic leiomyoma in the trocar-site after laparoscopic myomectomy with power morcellation.CASE SUMMARYA 50-year-old woman presented with a palpable abdominal mass without significant medical history. The patient had no related symptoms, such as abdominal pain. Computed tomography findings revealed a well-defined contrast-enhancing mass measuring 2.2 cm, and located on the trocar site of the left abdominal wall. She had undergone laparoscopic removal of uterine fibroids with power morcellation six years ago. The differential diagnosis included endometriosis and neurogenic tumors, such as neurofibroma. The radiologic diagnosis was a desmoid tumor, and surgical excision of the mass on the abdominal wall was successfully performed. The patient recovered from the surgery without complications. Histopathological examination revealed that the specimen resected from the trocar site was a uterine leiomyoma.CONCLUSIONClinicians should consider the risks and benefits of laparoscopic vs laparotomic myomectomy for gynecological tumors. Considerable caution must be exercised for morcellation to avoid excessive tissue fragmentation.