Trends in physical activity behaviours and attitudes among South Australian youth between 1985 and 2004

Rising youth obesity is a serious public health concern. There is a widespread view that declining physical activity is contributing to this trend. A total of 929 young South Australians (age = 9–15 years) were surveyed in 1985 and 2004 on usual physical activity in several contexts, including attitudes to physical activity. Eight of 10 South Australian schools participating in the 1985 Schools Health and Fitness Survey were revisited in 2004. Comparisons were made on: organised sport, active transport, physical education (PE), playground activity, vigorous physical activity (VPA), total leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and attitudes to PE and school sport. The questionnaire and method of administration were identical in both surveys. There were no differences between surveys in club and school sport participation, walking to school, and reported enjoyment of PE and school sport. In 2004 fewer children rode to school, but PE classes were more frequent. The percentage of children who ‘sit and talk’ during school breaks had increased, with a decreased percentage of older girls who ‘run around’ during school breaks. There was a significantly higher LTPA in MET.min in 2004 for boys, which was particularly evident at higher percentiles. There were no changes in mean or distribution of LTPA for the whole sample or girls. The percentage of respondents reporting ≥3 bouts of VPA in the previous week rose from 51% (1985) to 76% (2004). There is no consistent evidence of declining physical activity among South Australian youth. It is apparent that physical activity in some contexts has declined, while in other contexts levels are the same or higher than in 1985. This underscores the complex nature of physical activity and the influences on this behaviour.     

Statistical clues to postoperative blood loss: Moving averages applied to medical data

With the advent of computerized databases, medical data has become easy to accumulate; however, effective use of this data continues to pose significant problems. In other circumstances, smoothing algorithms have been used to uncover non-obvious correlations, trends and relationships in noisy data. We have applied four such algorithms to a large dataset of postoperative blood replacement in cardiopulmonary bypass patients. When applied to this dataset, one of the algorithms proved surprisingly effective. It confirmed several previously observed correlations, and also provided an additional series of counterintuitive and apparently unrelated associations. These associations have been explored in an accompanying paper.     

Hip fracture incidence in the canton of Vaud,Switzerland, 1986–1991

The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of hip fracture in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland (total population 584 000), for the period 1986–1991 using routine hospital discharge data collected by the Cantonal Service of Statistical Research and Information (SCRIS). For the survey period, the estimated average annual crude incidence rate of hip fractures was 167 per 100 000 persons aged 20 or older (241 for women and 84 for men). For the population aged 50 years or older, the crude incidence rate was 388 per 100 000 persons (546 for women and 185 for men). The average annual age-specific rates rose exponentially by successive 5-year age groups. The median age of patients at the time of the fracture was 82 years in women and 74 years in men. There was no significant difference between the total number of cervical and trochanteric fractures. Between the ages of 20 and 84 years, the cumulative risk for a woman to be admitted to hospital with a hip fracture was twice that of a man (15.8% vs 7.8%). From 1986 to 1991, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence, like the ratio of cervical to trochanteric fractures, did not show any significant trend, although it was consistent with an increase in men (p=0.09). However, the annual number of fractures rose from 644 to 776, particularly among very aged men. The mean length of stay in the acute care hospital fell from 38 days in 1986 to 25 days in 1991. Finally, the comparison of these results with those obtained in 1986 for the same population from more exhaustive sources has confirmed the provision of a consistent, although overestimated, assessment of hip fracture incidence by means of these routine hospital statistics in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.     

2010—2019年江西省居民食物消费量变化趋势研究

目的 分析2010—2019年间江西省居民食物消费变化趋势。方法 采用多阶段分层的整群抽样的方法,2010—2012年和2018—2019年分别抽取调查对象1 967人和1 130人。采用非连续的3天24小时回顾询问法、称重法收集和食物频率法对居民开展膳食调查,利用t检验对2010—2012年和2018—2019年居民各类食物摄入量进行统计分析。结果 2010—2019年间江西省城乡居民谷薯类食物消费量总体呈下降趋势（t = - 14.816,P＜0.001）,平均每标准人日摄入量由469.2 g降至398.3 g,但城市却呈上升趋势。蔬菜（t = - 22.258,P＜0.001）和水果（t = - 11.105,P＜0.001）消费量总体呈下降趋势,平均每标准人日摄入量分别由316.5 g和66.9 g降至240.5 g和48.0 g,但城市居民水果消费量呈上升趋势。禽畜肉类（t = 6.591,P＜0.001）、水产品（t = 12.531,P＜0.001）、蛋类（t = 13.944,P＜0.001）、奶类（t = 5.071,P＜0.001）和大豆及坚果类（t = 17.880,P＜0.001）呈上升趋势,平均每标准人日摄入量分别由97.6 g、24.0 g、18.1 g、19.5 g和16.6 g增至111.7 g、43.0 g、27.9 g、26.3 g和40.4 g,其中城市禽畜肉和奶类增幅都明显高于农村。油脂类（t = - 18.444,P＜0.001）和食盐（t = - 40.029,P＜0.001）消费量都呈下降趋势,平均每标准人日摄入量分别由43.8 g和9.1 g降至31.1 g和7.8 g,其中城市油脂类降幅高于农村。结论 江西省居民食物消费状况总体有所改善,但仍存在不合理,蔬菜水果、奶类摄入不足,而禽畜肉、油脂类和食盐过高,导致膳食纤维和钙的摄入不足,而脂肪摄入过多。     

Assessing opioid administration in pediatric burn patients with nonsurgical management

BackgroundDespite the vast literature studying the opioid crisis, sparse data describe this in the pediatric burn population. This study sought to assess patient-level characteristics and their potential effects on opioid administration in nonsurgical pediatric burn inpatients.MethodsAdmitted burn patients from 2013 to 2018 with nonsurgical management at an American Burn Association (ABA) verified pediatric burn center were retrospectively identified. Morphine milligram equivalents by weight (MME/kg) per admission were evaluated through a multiple loglinear regression with race, sex, age, total body surface area burned (TBSA), and burn depth as predictors. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend of median opioid utilization.ResultsA total of 806 patients (55% White, 35% Black, 5% Hispanic, 5% Other) were included. In an adjusted analysis, no differences in opioid administration were seen by sex, burn degree, or for Blacks and Hispanics when compared with Whites. Increased MME/kg was associated with older age (10–18 years; p < 0.0001) and larger burns (>5% TBSA burned; p < 0.0001). From 2013 to 2018, median MME/kg per admission declined significantly (2013:0.21, 2018:0.09; p = 0.0103).ConclusionsNonsurgical burn patients who were older and presented with larger TBSA experienced marked increases in opioid utilization. Overall, opioid administration decreased over time.     

2004-2018年中国老年居民慢性非传染性疾病死亡水平与变化趋势

目的分析2004-2018年中国≥65岁老年居民慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)死亡水平及变化趋势,预测2019-2023年慢性病年龄标化死亡率。方法利用2004-2018年中国死因监测数据集中老年居民死亡数据,分析不同性别、城乡、地区的慢性病粗死亡率、年龄标化死亡率、构成比及变化趋势。采用2010年第六次全国人口普查的人口构成计算年龄标化死亡率;采用加权最小二乘法拟合Joinpoint回归模型,计算全时间段内平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)及95%可信区间;采用对数线性模型预测年龄标化死亡率。结果2004-2018年我国老年居民慢性病年龄标化死亡率从4697.05/10万降至3555.35/10万,平均每年下降2.0%(95%CI:-2.7%~-1.3%)。不同性别、城乡、地区间年龄标化死亡率呈下降趋势。东部地区(AAPC=-2.1%,95%CI:-2.8%~-1.3%)、中部地区(AAPC=-2.8%,95%CI:-3.4%~-2.1%)下降速度均快于西部地区(AAPC=-0.8%,95%CI:-1.8%~0.2%)。慢性病死亡构成比从89.82%上升至91.41%,平均每年上升0.1%(95%CI:0.1%~0.2%)。预计至2023年,男性年龄标化死亡率(3906.23/10万)仍高于女性(2708.43/10万);农村年龄标化死亡率(3283.20/10万)与城市(3250.01/10万)相接近;西部地区(3782.48/10万)与东部地区(3037.01/10万)、中部地区(3249.24/10万)的年龄标化死亡率的差距将进一步拉大。结论2004-2018年我国老年居民慢性病年龄标化死亡率呈下降趋势,死亡构成比呈上升趋势,建议以老年人群中男性居民和西部地区居民作为今后慢病防控关注的重点人群。     

抑癌基因P53专题文献计量研究

Ｐ５３基因是与人类肿瘤关系最为密切的肿瘤抑制基因，有大量相关论文发表。为了探索这一专题的研究现状及趋势，作者根据文献计量方法，利用中国医科大学编制的统计分析软件，对世界权威医学数据库ＭＥＤＬＩＮＥ收录的该专题１９９１－１９９６年的全部相关论文进行主题词及副主题分析。结果表明，研究主要集中在Ｐ５３生物活性及作用机理，Ｐ５３突变的流行病学研究及突变谱分析等方面。不同肿瘤各有研究侧重，且每年都有新热点。     

Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in Cocaine Use Among American High School Seniors,College Students,and Young Adults

Objectives: To assess prevalence, predictors, and longitudinal patterns of cocaine use.

Methods: Nationally representative samples of high school seniors were studied each year from 1975 through 1987. Follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of each class were obtained. This design produces estimates for three populations: high school seniors, college students 1–4 years post high school, and high school graduates age 19–28.

Results: Substantial numbers of young Americans are using cocaine, and users are likely to continue using over long intervals.