口服碳水化合物对硬膜外分娩镇痛产妇产程中舒适度的影响

目的观察口服碳水化合物对接受硬膜外分娩镇痛产妇产程中舒适度的影响。方法选择接受硬膜外分娩镇痛的单胎、头位、足月初产妇90例,年龄24~39岁,BMI 21~39kg/m~2,ASAⅡ级,随机分为两组:口服碳水化合物组(CHO组,n=46)和对照组(C组,n=44)。在接受分娩镇痛后,CHO组饮用术能,C组饮用无渣液体,第三产程后两组均停止饮用液体。记录两组饮用时长、液体总量,计算两组液体供能;记录产程时长、分娩方式、PCEA镇痛泵按压次数、药物总量和产程中呕吐的发生情况;记录分娩镇痛后即刻以及第三产程结束即刻饥饿、口渴、疲劳程度NRS评分。结果CHO组饮用液体总量少于C组,但差异无统计学意义[(129.5±28.8)ml vs(142.4±53.3)ml,P=0.15],CHO组液体供能明显多于C组[(312.2±69.5)kJ/h vs(153.9±96.7)kJ/h,P0.01]。两组液体饮用时长、产程时长、分娩方式、镇痛泵药物总量差异无统计学意义。CHO组镇痛泵按压次数明显少于C组[0.6(0~11.6)次vs 2(0~8.6)次,P=0.03]。CHO组产程中呕吐的比例明显低于C组[3例(6.5%)vs 10例(22.7%),P=0.03]。第三产程后即刻CHO组饥饿NRS评分[2(0~9)分vs 6(0~10)分,P0.01]、疲劳程度[3(2~8)分vs 4(1~7)分,P=0.04]明显低于C组。两组口渴NRS评分差异无统计学意义。结论口服碳水化合物作为接受硬膜外分娩镇痛产妇产程中的能量补充饮品可以降低产妇的饥饿疲劳程度,可降低产程中呕吐发生率,增加产妇的分娩舒适度。     

Regional differences in the lipolytic response of the subcutaneous fat depots to prolonged exercise and severe energy deficiency

Summary After five days of almost continuous strenuous combat exercise and energy deficiency, 12 well-trained young men had a mean body fat loss of 2.7 kg and the average fat cell size was reduced from 0.34 g to 0.24 g. No significant changes were found in the total number of fat cells. For the group as a whole, the decrease in fat cell size was most pronounced in the gluteal subcutaneous region, followed by the abdominal region. No significant decrease in fat cell size was encountered in tissue samples from the femoral site. Before the course, and on the last day, the subjects accomplished a short-term bicycle exercise at 50% of the individual's . On day 5, positive correlations were found between the fat cell weights estimated in the gluteal tissue samples and the pre-exercise free fatty acid (FFA) levels (r=0.87, p<0.01), and also with the plasma free glycerol obtained five minutes after the bicycle exercise (r=0.93, p<0.001). These correlations were not apparent in the control experiment performed before the course. Further, no such relationship was found between the plasma metabolites and the fat cell size of the other body sites investigated. This finding may indicate that gluteal fat deposits are more important for energy provision than abdominal and, especially, femoral deposits.     

A reappraisal of the possible seizures of Vincent van Gogh

The tragic life of Vincent van Gogh is summarized, emphasizing his early departure from formal education, failure as a successful salesman in the art world, attempt at religious studies, difficulty with female and family relationships, return to the art world, and tendencies toward extremes of poor nutrition or near self-starvation and excessive drinking and smoking. In Paris he joined the Impressionists, but drank very heavily both absinthe and cognac. Southward he went to Arles and was joined by Paul Gauguin, with whom he had major personality problems, causing van Gogh to cut off part of his left ear. He experienced paranoid ideation and confinement in mental institutions in Arles, and then returned to Paris and onto Auvers-sur-Oise, where he committed suicide at age 37. Possible physical diagnoses include glaucoma, Meniere's disease, acute intermittent porphyria, and chronic lead poisoning, but these diagnoses seem unlikely. Possible psychiatric diagnoses include borderline personality disorder, anxiety-depressive disorder with episodes of depression and hypomania, and also paranoid schizophrenia. Van Gogh did not have spontaneous seizures and, therefore, did not have epilepsy. Before he began to drink heavily, when he was near starvation, he had "fainting fits," and after drinking, especially absinthe, a convulsant drug, he continued to have similar attacks. His episodes of unconsciousness can be well explained by chronic malnutrition and alcohol abuse, only possibly exacerbated by drinking large quantities of absinthe. Although van Gogh is an excellent example of the Geschwind syndrome, at times associated with temporal lobe epilepsy, this fact does not establish such an epilepsy. Thus, the syndrome is an orphan without the parent condition.     

Immunohistochemistry and morphometry of gastrin cells in the rat pyloric antrum during starvation

Summary The gastrin cells (G cells) in the rat pyloric antrum after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of starvation were investigated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method for light microscopy, gastrin immunoreactive cells during starvation markedly decreased in number and size. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed that during starvation the number of electron-lucent granules were greatly reduced, but the number of electron-dense granules increased; the number of intermediate granules were not remarkably changed in G cells. These results may suggest that the synthesis of gastrin and granule maturation were greatly inhibited during long-term starvation.     

禁食应激对心肌组织Fe Mg Zn Cu含量的影响

目的 :观察禁食豚鼠不同时期心肌组织 Fe、Mg、Zn、Cu含量的变化 ,以揭示禁食应激对心肌组织金属元素代谢的影响及规律。方法 :短毛种豚鼠 2 4只 ,随机分为 4组 ,正常组和实验组 1、2、3,实验组分别禁食 2 4、48、72 h。结果 :( 1 )心肌组织内 Fe、Mg水平随禁食时间的延长而下降。 ( 2 )心肌组织中 Cu水平在禁食 48h后上升。 ( 3)而 Zn水平在禁食早期明显上升 ,以后下降至正常 ,P均 <0 .0 5。结论 :禁食应激可影响心肌组织内多种金属元素的代谢 ;心肌组织内 Fe、Mg、Zn、Cu水平与机体应激反应之间存在一定的联系     

Combined effects of fasting and alanine on liver function recovery after cold ischemia

The effect of donor nutritional status on hepatic function recovery after cold ischemia is still debated. We demonstrated previously that a 48-h fast diminished the survival rate of liver-transplanted rats and that the deleterious effect of fasting was prevented by infusion of alanine to the recipient at reperfusion. Whether the duration of fasting influenced the protective effect of alanine and whether this effect was metabolic were not known, and the elucidation of these questions is the aim of this study. The effect on hepatic function recovery of fasting periods of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h prior to cold ischemia were studied in a model of isolated, perfused rat liver. After a cold-ischemic time of 24 h in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4 degrees C, livers were reperfused for 3 h. The combined effect of alanine (8 mM) infusion at liver reperfusion was evaluated for each prior fasting period. The addition of pyruvate (8 mM), a metabolic intermediary of alanine, was only tested in the 72-h fasting group. The evaluation criteria were: liver weight after reperfusion, release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the perfusate, bile production, vascular resistance and liver histology after reperfusion. The enzyme release at reperfusion was significantly higher when livers were harvested from rats submitted to a 48-h fast (ALT) or a 72-h fast (ALT, AST, LDH), as compared to those from fed rats. Vascular resistance was increased in 72-h fasted livers. An addition of alanine (8 mM) at reperfusion lowered the release of AST, ALT and LDH. This effect was more obvious when the fasting duration was increased. By contrast, the addition of pyruvate at reperfusion did not improve the recovery of livers submitted to a 72-h fasting period before preservation. A long fasting period is deleterious as compared to feeding; however, this effect can be compensated by infusion of alanine at reperfusion. The mechanism involved is not metabolic. In a clinical setting, the infusion of alanine to the recipient at reperfusion may be a convenient way to compensate for donor undernutrition, especially after a long stay in an intensive care unit.     

Hormetic effects on longevity of hydrogen peroxide in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis> flies living on a poorly nutritious medium

Subjecting flies to a mild stress at a young age may increase longevity and protect against strong stresses occurring at middle age. The purpose of this article is to test whether a mild stress could also increase survival time of flies living in stressful conditions. Flies were transferred at middle age in vials where they could only feed on a saccharose solution without any other nutrient. This poor medium is known to decrease longevity and it was hypothetized that adding hydrogen peroxide to it could minimize this negative effect. While high doses of hydrogen peroxide decreased further longevity, a low dose increased it in 4-week-old males and, only in some experiments, in females. This low dose had however not any positive effect on behavioral aging, resistance to heat and starvation. The positive effect of hydrogen peroxide appeared not to be due to a sanitary action upon the environment. Rather, it seems that hydrogen peroxide was a mild stress helping flies to cope with the negative effects of saccharose on longevity. Therefore, it is concluded that hydrogen peroxide, beyond the deleterious effects of high doses, could have positive effects in organisms when used at a low dose, particularly in stressful living conditions.     

Systemic regulation of starvation response in Caenorhabditis elegans

When the supply of environmental nutrients is limited, multicellular animals can make both physiological and behavioral changes so as to cope with nutrient starvation. Although physiological and behavioral effects of starvation are well known, the mechanisms by which animals sense starvation systemically remain elusive. Furthermore, what constituent of food is sensed and how it modulates starvation response is still poorly understood. In this study, we use a starvation-hypersensitive mutant to identify molecules and mechanisms that modulate starvation signaling. We found that specific amino acids could suppress the starvation-induced death of gpb-2 mutants, and that MGL-1 and MGL-2, Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of metabotropic glutamate receptors, were involved. MGL-1 and MGL-2 acted in AIY and AIB neurons, respectively. Treatment with leucine suppressed starvation-induced stress resistance and life span extension in wild-type worms, and mutation of mgl-1 and mgl-2 abolished these effects of leucine. Taken together, our results suggest that metabotropic glutamate receptor homologs in AIY and AIB neuron may modulate a systemic starvation response, and that C. elegans senses specific amino acids as an anti-hunger signal.     

饥饿对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究饥饿对小鼠非特异性免疫和特异性免疫功能的影响。方法根据小鼠进食量的75％、50％、25％、100％分成高、中、低剂量及空白对照组,根据小鼠进食量计算出100％进食组每日进食量约为0．4g／只,高、中、低剂量组分别为0．3g／只、0．2g／只、0．1g／只,连续喂养10d后,测定各组小鼠的体重、胸腺和脾脏重量,计算胸脾指数;检测中性粒细胞的吞噬率、T淋巴细胞Ea花环形成率。结果与对照组比较,高、中、低剂量组的小鼠的体重、胸腺及脾脏指数明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论饥饿能够影响小鼠非特异性免疫功能。     

饥饿期粪肠球菌生物膜的体外培养实验

目的体外培养观察饥饿期粪肠球菌的生物膜特点。方法通过菌落计数法计数,绘制生长曲线并找出饥饿期时间点,扫描电镜观察其生物膜特点。结果粪肠球菌在BHI液中的生长曲线可分为：迟缓期、对数生长期、稳定期、饥饿期,细菌在72h处于饥饿期。扫描电镜观察显示24h时形成的粪肠球菌生物膜厚度明显增加,菌细胞间可见胞外基质以及孔道。结论饥饿期粪肠球菌可在玻片上形成生物膜。生物膜在不同时间点经历从附着-聚积-成熟-播散的过程。