Fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Their perceptions of paternal role a predictor of caregiving satisfaction,self-efficacy and burden

BackgroundThe positive effect of a father’s involvement in children’s upbringing is now recognised. However, research on fathers raising children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are still few. This study examines the relationship between the perception, fathers of children with ASD have of the importance of their role in the development of their children and the feelings (self-efficacy, caregiving burden, satisfaction) they express about their parenting experience.MethodSixty-three Swiss Italian fathers of children with ASD completed The Role of the Father Questionnaire (ROFQ), three sub-scales of the Caregiver Survey, a subtest of the Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale and a home-made questionnaire measuring Perceived Social Support.ResultsThe results from hierarchical multiple regression analyses show that the importance that fathers attach to the paternal role predicts positively their caregiving satisfaction and their feeling of self-efficacy. The children’s challenging behaviours predict positively the caregiving burden whereas the assessment of social support predicts it negatively.ConclusionsThe perception of the importance of the paternal role needs to be considered in the support offered to families with a child with ASD. A better understanding of the fathers’ feelings could be of value for the programmes.     

Effectiveness of a nurse-led multidisciplinary self-management program for patients with coronary heart disease in communities: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led multidisciplinary self-management program (NMSP) on self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and unplanned health service utilization (HSU) among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in communities.MethodsA randomized controlled trial with repeated measurements was used. A convenience sample of 144 participants was recruited from a community health center in China. All participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 72) in the newly developed NMSP or a control group (n = 72) in routine care. Outcome measurement was performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months using Coronary Artery Disease Self-Management Scale (CADSs), Self-efficacy for Chronic Disease 6-item Scale (SECD6), and Short Form-12 health survey questionnaire (SF-12).ResultsOver the six months, the two groups reported significant differences in disease medical and emotional management of CADSs, confidence in symptom and disease management of SECD6, physical and mental component summary of SF-12, as well as emergency and outpatient visits of unplanned HSU.ConclusionsThe NMSP improves self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, HRQoL and reduces unplanned HSU among CHD patients in communities.Practice implicationsThis study provides an effective approach to empower CHD patients with emphasizing on collaboration support of health professionals in communities.     

军校研究生自我效能感和主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨军校研究生自我效能感与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用幸福感指数量表和自我效能感问卷对281名军校研究生进行调查。结果①军校研究生的自我效能感与正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感存在显著的相关关系，与生活满意度相关不显著；②高自我效能感和低自我效能感组在正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感上均存在着显著的差异；③自我效能感分别进入正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感的回归方程，对其均有较好的预测作用，其中对正，巨情感的预测更佳。结论军校研究生的自我效能感与正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感存在显著的相关关系，对其有较好的预测作用，其中自我效能感与正性情感成分联系更为密切，预测作用更佳。     

教师心理健康影响因素探微

目的 从微观层面探讨归因、自我效能感、教育观念、人格因素对教师心理健康的影响。方法 使用《教师心理健康问卷》和CPSQ人格问卷》进行问卷调查。结果 能力和努力归因对教师心理健康有正向的预测作用；任务难度和运气归因对教师心理健康有负向的预测作用。工作效能和创造效能对教师心理健康都有正向的预测作用。成功教育、挫折教育和主动探索的教育观念对教师的心理健康都是正向的预测作用。神经质分数低的教师出现心理问题的几率不大；趋向于外向、开放、随和以及尽职尽责的教师，心理健康水平较高。结论 归因、自我效能感、教育观念、人格因素对教师心理健康都有程度不同的影响。     

大学生成就目标定向、自我效能感和状态焦虑的关系研究

目的探讨大学生成就目标定向、自我效能感和状态焦虑之间的关系。方法随机抽取350名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①女生的状态焦虑水平显著高于男生，而自我效能感显著低于男生；文科学生焦虑水平显著高于理科学生。②合作取向目标和状态焦虑之间呈显著负相关，自我-趋向型目标和状态焦虑之间呈显著正相关；自我效能感和状态焦虑之间呈显著负相关；自我效能感和成就目标定向总分及合作取向目标、社会亲密目标、任务目标、自我-趋向型目标之间呈显著正相关，和自我-逃避型目标相关不显著。③自我-趋向型目标及自我效能感直接影响状态焦虑，合作取向目标和任务目标通过自我效能感间接影响状态焦虑。结论成就目标定向、自我效能感和状态焦虑之间关系密切。     

高师贫困生自我效能感与主观幸福感的特点及关系研究

目的分析高师贫困生自我效能感、主观幸福感的特点及关系，为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、生活满意度量表、快乐感量表，对218名贫困生和216名非贫困生进行测查。结果①高师贫困生生活满意度、快乐感显著低于非贫困生（t=4．811，P〈0．001；t=2．504，P〈0．05），自我效能感差异不显著。②高师贫困生自我效能感存在性别差异（t=2．117，P〈0．05），男生的自我效能感显著高于女生；生活满意度年级差异显著（F=3．547，P〈0．05），大一学生的生活满意度显著高于大二和大三学生，大二和大三之间的差异不显著。③高师贫困生自我效能感与生活满意度、快乐感呈显著正相关（r=0．349，P〈0．01；r=0．436，P〈0．01）。自我效能感水平越高，幸福感越强。结论高师贫困生主观幸福感相对较低，自我效能感与主观幸福感显著相关，通过提升自我效能感水平可以增强主观幸福感。     

初二学生成就目标、自我效能及文化因素与学业求助的关系

目的：从个体和文化因素两个方面考查初二学生的学业求助特点。方法：对785名初二学生施测了成就目标量表、自我效能量表、对中国求助格言认同量表、对他人评价敏感性量表、学业求助态度和行为量表。结果：学业求助态度(求助益处与求助代价)和求助行为(工具性求助、执行性求助和回避求助)与成就目标、自我效能和文化因素有关。成就目标、自我效能和文化因素对学业求助行为的影响是以学业求助态度为中介的。结论：学业求助既受动机因素的影响，又受文化因素的影响。     

Health status, adherence with health recommendations, self-efficacy and social support in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

A study was performed in 86 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to assess their health problems, the problems they experience in adhering to health recommendations and the relationships of these problems with self-efficacy and social support. Feeling dependent, disability and pain were the most important health related problems. The results showed self-efficacy to be related to the subjective experience of health status as measured by DUTCH-AIMS. Social emotional support was not related to health status and contrary to what we expected social instrumental support was positively related to health status. The majority of the patients (55%) experienced adherence problems with health recommendations. These problems were not related to functional incapacity, pain or other aspects of health status but to the patient's self-efficacy expectations about coping with arthritis. Our conclusion is that to improve the self-management of disability and pain and adherence to health recommendations, patient education should be aimed at strengthening self-efficacy expectations in which social emotional support might be a motivating factor.     

大学生群体中社会支持、自我效能感在应激与抑郁间的作用

目的:探讨社会支持、自我效能感在应激/抑郁间的作用机制。方法:对370名大学生施测流调中心用抑郁量表(CED-S)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)。采用层次回归分析和复回归分析验证社会支持、自我效能感在应激/抑郁间的作用。结果:社会支持×应激显著预测了抑郁的变化;自我效能感中介了应激与抑郁的关系。结论:社会支持、自我效能感在应激/抑郁间的作用机制是不同的,社会支持是调节变量,自我效能感是中介变量。     

Development and Validation of the Sexual and Reproductive Empowerment Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults

PurposeWe developed and validated a measure that assesses the latent construct of sexual and reproductive empowerment among adolescents and young adults. A specific measure for this group is critical because of their unique life stage and circumstances, which often includes frequent changes in sexual partners and involvement from parents in decision-making.MethodsAfter formative qualitative research, a review of the literature, and cognitive interviews, we developed 95 items representing nine dimensions of sexual and reproductive empowerment. Items were then fielded among a national sample of young people aged 15–24 years, and those who identified as sexually active completed a 3-month follow-up survey. We conducted psychometric analysis and scale validation.ResultsExploratory factor analysis on responses from 1,117 participants resulted in the Sexual and Reproductive Empowerment Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults, containing 23 items captured by seven subscales: comfort talking with partner; choice of partners, marriage, and children; parental support; sexual safety; self-love; sense of future; and sexual pleasure. Validation using logistic regression demonstrated that the subscales were consistently associated with sexual and reproductive health information and access to sexual and reproductive health services measured at baseline and moderately associated with the use of desired contraceptive methods at 3-month follow-up.ConclusionsThe Sexual and Reproductive Empowerment Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults is a new measure that assesses young people’s empowerment regarding sexual and reproductive health. It can be used by researchers, public health practitioners, and clinicians to measure sexual and reproductive empowerment among young people.