Can the process indicators for emergency obstetric care assess the progress of maternal mortality reduction programs? An examination of UNFPA Projects 2000-2004.

BACKGROUND: In view of the disappointing progress made in the last 20 years in reducing maternal mortality in low-income countries and before going to scale in implementing the new evidence-based strategies, it is crucial to review and assess the progress made in pilot countries where maternal mortality reduction programs focused on emergency obstetric care. OBJECTIVE: To review the process indicators recommended for monitoring emergency obstetric care and their application in field situations, examining the conditions under which they can be used to assess the progress of maternal mortality reduction programs. METHODS: Five of the six UN recommended process indicators were monitored annually for 5 years in selected districts of Morocco, Mozambique, India and Nicaragua. Trends are presented and discussed. RESULTS: With specific variations due to different local situations in the four countries and in spite of variations in quality of data collection, all indicators showed a consistent positive trend, in response to the inputs of the programs. CONCLUSIONS: The UN process indicators for emergency obstetric care should continue to be promoted, but with two important conditions: (1) data collection is carefully checked for quality and coverage; (2) efforts are made to match process and outcome indicators (maternal and perinatal mortality, incidence of complications).     

正确饮水与安全用药

目的：探讨服药时饮水量及水的成分对所服药物的影响。方法：通过文献查阅和总结．对服药时需多饮水的药物、服药时需少饮水及不需饮水的药物、服药时对水的成分要求分别进行阐述。结果：服药时正确饮水，才能发挥最大治疗作用。结论：药师和医生应重视服药时饮水对疾病治疗的影响，给予患者正确的指导，保证患者用药安全、有效达到预期的治疗目的。     

Anterior tibial artery and its actual projection on the lateral aspect of the tibia: a cadaveric study

The anterior tibial artery (ATA) is at risk of injury during high tibial osteotomy, Ilizarov wire placement, pin placement in external fixation, or proximal locking screw insertion, as the artery is not visualized intraoperatively. The ATA is anchored to the oval foramen of the interosseous membrane on the proximal tibia by the deep fascia and recurrent genicular vascular branches. Segment 1 (from the bifurcation of the popliteal artery to the level of the interosseous foramen) and the proximal part of segment 2 (from the interosseous foramen to the level where the artery crosses the anterior border of the tibia) may be damaged when pin, wire or screw placement is directed posterolaterally at that level. Distally, a straight mediolateral pin or Ilizarov wires may lacerate the artery. Segment 2 of the ATA descends against the interosseous membrane in its proximal part, which is projected on the posterior third of the tibia relative to the sagittal plane; in its middle part, it runs close to the lateral cortex of the tibia, it is projected on the middle third of the tibia; in its distal part it runs gradually towards the anterior third of the tibia and contacts with the anterior third of the tibial cortical surface. This information may help reduce risk of injury to the ATA during high tibial osteotomy, external fixation and pin placement or insertion of locking screws.     

Retrospective review of complications following long tourniquet time in foot and ankle surgery

BackgroundTourniquet use is ubiquitous in orthopaedic surgery to create a bloodless field and to facilitate safe surgery, however, we know of the potential complications that can occur as a result of prolonged tourniquet time. Experimental and clinical research has helped define the safe time limits but there is not much literature specific to foot and ankle surgery.MethodsA retrospective review of the postoperative course of patients with prolonged tourniquet time (longer than 180 min) for foot and ankle procedures was done. Data related to the patient factors and the surgical procedure was collected. The length of stay, re-admissions and complications were the important indicators of the individual patient’s recovery.ResultsTwenty patients were identified with longer than 180-min tourniquet times for complex foot and ankle procedures. The average uninterrupted tourniquet time was 191 min. Eight of the twenty procedures were revision surgeries. The average length of stay was 3 days and there were no re-admissions within 30 days. Eight patients (40%) had at least one recorded complication. The complications seen in this group were transient sensory loss, wound issues, superficial infection, ongoing pain and non-union.ConclusionsThis case series has not revealed any major systemic complications resulting from the prolonged tourniquet such as pulmonary embolism or renal dysfunction. Unlike past literature on knee procedures with extended tourniquet times, no major nerve palsies were seen in our patient group. Our understanding of the local and systemic effects of tourniquet is not complete and this study demonstrates that the complications do not necessarily increase in a linear fashion in relation to the tourniquet time.     

Polytrauma management - What is new and what is true in 2020 ?

This is a review of changes in the practice of treating polytrauma managemtent within the years prior to 2020. It focuses on five different topics, 1. The development of an evidence based definition of Polytrauma, 2. Resuscitation Associated Coagulopathy (RAC), 3. neutrophil guided initial resuscitation, 4. perioperative Scoring to evaluate patients at risk, and 5. evolution of fracture fixation strategies according to protocols^1,2 (Early total care, ETC, damage control orthopedics, DCO, early appropriate care, EAC, safe definitive surgery, SDS).     

Damage control orthopaedics in polytraumatized patients- current concepts

The principles of fracture management in patients with multiple injuries continue to be of crucial importance. Early treatment of unstable polytraumatized patients with head, chest, abdomen or pelvic injuries, with blood loss followed by immediate fracture fixation (Early Total Care -ETC) may be associated with secondary life threatening posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Development of SIRS is typically a function of the type and severity of the initial injury (the “first hit”). Immediate Fracture fixation, using reamed nails or plates, in such unstable patients with multiple injuries is subsequently defined as the “second hit” and may be associated with development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF), with relatively high morbidity and mortality.The other alternative for long bone fracture fixation in unstable polytraumatized patients is based on immediate treatment of life threatening conditions related to the injuries, followed by the initial use of minimally invasive modular external frames for long bone fractures and is called Damage Control Orthopedics (DCO) and is widely accepted. In order to refine the DCO concept and to avoid an overuse of external fixation, the “Safe Definitive Surgery” (SDS) concept has been introduced, which is a dynamic synthesis of both strategies (ETC and DCO). The SDS strategy employs clinical parameters and includes repeated assessment of patients. The following paper is going to summarize historical backgrounds and recent concepts in treatment of polytraumatized patients.     

我院50例药品不良反应监测报告分析

目的 :了解我院药品不良反应 (ADR )的发生情况及引发ADR的相关因素。方法 :对我院ADR监测小组1年多来收集的50例ADR报告进行统计、分类与分析。结果 :50例ADR中 ,过敏反应居多 ,其次为神经系统的ADR ,少数为不合理用药或用药不当造成 ;防止可能或潜在的ADR ,关键在于临床用药监测 ;抗生素引起的ADR居首位 ,其次为中成药中的双黄连注射液。结论 :应加强ADR监测及其相关知识的宣传。     

县级综合医院工作人员针刺伤害状况的回顾性调查分析

目的了解县级综合医院工作人员针刺伤害的发生频率和特征,为制定安全注射对策提供依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对山东省4所县级综合医院过去1年间发生的针刺伤害事件进行登记,分析其发生特征。结果30.6%的调查对象曾发生过针刺伤害,年人均0.44次,每百病床平均每年发生针刺伤害46.7次。助产士、麻醉师、检验技师为针刺伤害的高发职业。针刺伤害主要发生在器材使用后的分解、消毒、废弃过程中(43.7%),最主要的原因器材为翼状针(37.2%)。结论所调查医院针刺伤害的发生频率与欧美等国基本相同;我国医疗单位注射等操作规范尚有待进一步完善。     

1997～2002年湖南省献血者血液检测结果分析

目的 研究湖南省献血者与输血有关主要感染性疾病的情况。方法 ALT采用赖氏法，HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV1／2检测采用联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)，梅毒血清学检查采用快速血浆反应素环状卡片法(RPR)或甲苯胺红法(TRUST)。结果 共测定2342897人次，其中不合格血为99689人次，占4．25％；6年来献血者与血液传染疾病有关标志物总检出率以1997年为最高，差异存在非常显著性，各项目检出率从高到低依次为ALT(1．59％)、HBsAg(1．54％)、抗-HCV(0．88％)、(0．13％)和抗-HIV1／2(0．11％)，其中，ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV与总检出率相同，以1997年为最高，但抗-HIV1／2、TRUST或RPR则分别呈现先增加后稳定、先增加后下降的情况。结论 实行无偿献血是使输血感染性疾病总检出率下降的原因，抗-HIV1／2、TRUST或RPR检出的增加与疾病流行状况相关。     

高频电刀的安全使用

本文针对当前临床使用现代高频电刀技术的一系列情况,研讨了加强其安全使用的问题.