Practical Solutions for Pesticide Safety: A Farm and Research Team Participatory Model

Development of the Practical Solutions for Pesticide Safety guide used participatory research strategies to identify and evaluate solutions that reduce pesticide exposures for workers and their families and to disseminate these solutions. Project principles were (1) workplace chemicals belong in the workplace, and (2) pesticide handlers and farm managers are experts, with direct knowledge of production practices. The project’s participatory methods were grounded in self-determination theory. Practical solutions were identified and evaluated based on five criteria: practicality, adaptability, health and safety, novelty, and regulatory compliance. Research activities that had more personal contact provided better outcomes. The Expert Working Group, composed of farm managers and pesticide handlers, was key to the identification of solutions, as were farm site visits. Audience participation, hands-on testing, and orchard field trials were particularly effective in the evaluation of potential solutions. Small work groups in a Regional Advisory Committee provided the best direction and guidance for a “user-friendly” translational document that provided evidence-based practical solutions. The “farmer to farmer” format of the guide was endorsed by both the Expert Working Group and the Regional Advisory Committee. Managers and pesticide handlers wanted to share their solutions in order to “help others stay safe,” and they appreciated attribution in the guide. The guide is now being used in educational programs across the region. The fundamental concept that farmers and farmworkers are innovators and experts in agricultural production was affirmed by this study. The success of this process demonstrates the value of participatory industrial hygiene in agriculture.     

敌枯双慢性毒性实验的病理形态学研究——实验大鼠脏器组织病理变化

将150只SD大鼠随机地分成Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ四个实验组和一个对照组(Ⅴ)。实验组敌枯双剂量分别为1.0,0.2,0.05及0.01mg/kg,均用去离子水配成相应浓度的染毒水,由动物自由摄取,对照组摄入去离子水。于实验第29.5,55周分两批处死。经组织病理学检查,结果发现:敌枯双可引起甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞萎缩甚至脱屑,其发生率(Ⅲ组为63.64%)与对照组(0%)比较差异有高度显著性(P<0.01);睾丸曲细精管各级生精细胞减少、萎缩甚至完全消失,其发生率(Ⅳ组为58.33%)与对照组(8.33%)比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);对心肌、肝组织也有不同程度的损伤.     

A review of the effect of pesticide formulations on male fertility

Experimental studies suggest that large numbers of chemicals, environmental and industrial pollutants affect the male reproductive system. At present, almost no information is available on the effects of these adverse agents on human reproduction. Recent reports, however, suggest that in the past 50 years male fertility has declined based on qualitative and quantitative measurements of normal sperm. This study identifies‐among the active ingredients and solvents included in pesticide formulations registered in Italy‐the chemical agents with experimental evidence of male reproductive toxicity. Documents produced by international agencies and organizations such as IARC, EPA, WHO, and original papers from the international literature were systematically reviewed. The results indicate that several pesticide products notified in the Italian Registry contain active ingredients and/or solvents severely affecting testicular function and sperm morphology in laboratory animals. Therefore, exposure to reproductive toxicants occurring among manufacturers and users of pesticide formulations registered in Italy suggest further epidemiologic surveys should be conducted in this area.     

有机磷农药中毒用纳络酮治疗的作用探讨

目的 探讨纳络酮在治疗急性有机磷农药中毒的作用机制.方法 将急性有机磷农药中毒患者诊断及分析作一探讨.随机分为纳络酮治疗组和常规对照组.结果 纳络酮治疗组治愈率为97.5%,而对照组为84.6%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性有机磷农药中毒选用纳络酮可提高抢救成功率.     

低剂量混配农药对家兔血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和一氧化氮的影响

目的 探讨低剂量混配农药对家兔脂质过氧化及一氧化氮（NO）浓度的影响及意义。方法 将家兔随机分为6个混配农药染毒组、1个丙溴磷染毒组和1个对照组，于不同的时间测定各组血清胆碱酯酶（ChE)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px)活力及一氧化氮（NO）浓度。结果 除较高剂量混配农药组外，其余各组染毒后的ChE活力均大于对照组实验前平均值的70%。随着染毒时间的延长农药混配组血浆GSH-Px活力高于或显著高于同时间的单剂量组和对照组，而血浆NO的浓度则呈降低趋势。结论 低剂量含有机磷的混配农药在导致ChE活力降低之前即可造成脂质过氧化增强和NO浓度的降低。     

重度失水所致应激性高血糖症

本文报道2例肠梗阻和1例有机磷农药中毒患者出现暂时性高血糖症。该3例患者均无糖尿病史,因有重度失水,经大量补液纠正失水后血糖迅速恢复正常。口服葡萄糖耐量试验正常。作者认为非糖尿病患者可因重度失水而致应激性高血糖症。     

Development of an ELISA for detection of an organophosphorus compound using monoclonal antibodies

This paper describes a specific and highly sensitive ELISA system using monoclonal antibodies in order to assay an organophosphorus compound. The soman derivative methyl phosphonic acid, p-aminophenyl 1,2,2,-trimethyl-propyl diester (MATP) served as model substance. In order to obtain antibody-producing hybridomas BALB/c mice were immunized with MATP linked onto human serum albumin (HSA). The spleen cells of immunized mice were fused with syngenic plasmacytomas of the non-producer-line X63Ag8.653 with the aid of polyethylene glycol. To eliminate undesirable cross-reaction, common screening procedures were modified by directly coating the ELISA plates with hapten. Five out of 15 positive cell-lines were cloned by limiting dilution and further propagated. The respective immunoglobulin class and subclass of the obtained monoclonal antibodies was determined. Four of which were identified as IgG₁, the other as IgG_2a. After enrichment of antibodies in ascites and their isolation by protein A-sepharose, the affinity of various monoclonal antibodies was estimated in competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) by measuring the IC₅₀ rates of free MATP. The rates were found to lie between 2.5 × 10^–6 mol/l and 4.3 × 10^–4 mol/l MATP. The IC₁₀ rate for detectable MATP concentration was 5.4 × 10^–7 mol/l MATP. Test duration was 280 min. The reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies with structurally related substances was used to check their specificity. Cross-reaction turned out to be negative. In order to develop a direct competitive ELISA, MATP was linked to horse radish peroxidase (HRPO) by adding a spacer. This helped to reduce total duration to 40 min. The detection level was further reduced to 1.3 × 10^–7 mol/l MATP (corresponding to 975 pg/25 l test-buffer) using the monoclonal antibody F71D7. Likewise, MATP was detected in goat serum, chicken serum, rabbit serum, milk and company's water in concentrations between 2.1 × 10^–7 mol/l (IC₁₀, company's water) and 4.9 × 10^–8 mol/l (IC₁₀, milk).     

急性有机磷中毒患者晚期氧化蛋白产物动态变化的临床研究

目的探讨晚期氧化蛋白（AOPP）在急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）患者中的临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫分析法（ELISA）动态检测90例有机磷农药中毒患者和30例健康对照者血清晚期氧化蛋白的含量，并探讨其与病情的相关性。结果AOPP患者血浆中晚期氧化蛋白含量发病后的第1天〉第3天〉第7天与健康对照组比较，P均〈0．01。血清CRP的含量在患者中毒后的第1天〉第3天〉第7天与健康对照组比较，P均〈0．01。在发病的第1天，AOPP患者血清晚期氧化蛋白和CRP的含量重度中毒组〉中度中毒组〉轻度中毒组与健康对照组比较，P均〈0．01。在第1天，AOPP患者的病情程度即MODS的评分值与血清晚期氧化蛋白和CRP的含量均呈明显的正相关性（r1=0．590和r2=0．627，P均〈O．01），而血清晚期氧化蛋白和CRP的含量之间也呈明显的正相关性（r3=0．792，P〈0．01）。结论晚期氧化蛋白的含量随急性有机磷农药中毒患者的病情和炎症反应加重而升高。晚期氧化蛋白可能参与了有机磷农药中毒患者发生多脏器功能障碍的病理生理过程。     

血液灌流对硫线磷和硫酸阿托品的吸附作用

目的 定量研究血液灌流对有机磷农药硫线磷和其解毒药阿托品的吸附作用.方法 模拟临床血液灌流装置,对含硫线磷和硫酸阿托品的血样进行灌流吸附,分别用毛细管气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法测定硫线磷和硫酸阿托品的残留量.结果 吸附剂用量为0.5、1.0和1.5 g,包膜活性炭在灌流2.0 h后硫线磷的清除率均能达到90%以上,硫酸阿托品的清除率依次为61.9%、84.9%和88.9%;HA230树脂在灌流1.5 h后硫线磷清除率都达到90%以上,硫酸阿托品的清除率也依次高达88.0%、97.2%和98.4%;包膜活性炭灌流3.0h后,硫酸阿托品与硫线磷的比值最高为灌流前的10.1倍,而HA230树脂灌流后,此比值最高为灌流前的6.7倍.结论 包膜活性炭和HA230吸附树脂血液灌流1.5～2.0 h均能清除血中大部分硫线磷,而且均能增加血中硫酸阿托品和硫线磷浓度的比值.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法结合QuEChERS法快速检测中药中50种农药残留

目的 建立运用气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）法快速筛查460份中药材及其中药饮片（43份）中常用的50种农药残留。方法 通过对比《中国药典》2020版中药中农药残留的前处理方法,优选中药中50种农药残留的适配性前处理方法。中药样品经乙腈溶剂提取,以Qu ECh ERS法处理,采用GC-MS/MS测定,内标法定量。结果 在460份检测样品中共检出农药残留66份,总检出率为14.3%,检出禁用农药6份,检出率为1.3%,43份中药饮片中农药残留检出率为11.6%,未检出禁用农药。农残的检出是季节性分布集中出现在第3、4季度,农贸市场和种植地的农残检出率明显高于医院和药店,并且存在农残超标情况。中药中根类和叶类受污染最重,中药材全草类中农药残留最多,检出率为20.4%,其次为叶类18.3%和根茎类16.3%,中药饮片中农残最高为叶类,检出率为15.4%,全草类检出率为11.1%、根茎类检出率为6.2%,全草类、根茎类和叶类存在样品中检出多种农药残留的现象。结论 该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、准确度高,可快速筛查中药中农药残留,为保障中药质量提供参考。