力学刺激促进骨髓基质干细胞体外软骨分化

目的探讨离心力刺激对猪骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)体外成软骨分化的作用,以及对三维支架上构建组织工程化软骨的影响,明确力学刺激与细胞分化及组织形成的关系,为体外软骨构建提供适当参数。方法抽取8周龄猪髂嵴骨髓,应用贴壁法分选单个核细胞,体外培养扩增后获得第2代BMSCs,以5.0×107/cm3的细胞密度接种到聚羟基乙酸(PGA)制成的圆柱形三维支架上,7d后分成4组,在不同的力学条件及诱导条件下培养。8周后取材,行相关检测。结果力学诱导组形成的组织呈白色,细腻光泽,形状规则,体积无明显改变,有良好的弹性和硬度,并具有典型的软骨陷窝结构和大量软骨特异性细胞外基质,Ⅱ型胶原及丰富的聚合蛋白多糖(GAG)成分。GAG含量为(6.0±1.2)mg/g,抗压强度为(2.2±0.8)kPa,弹性模量为(7.4±1.6)kPa。各项指标均明显优于其他各组。结论力学刺激有利于促进BMSCs成软骨分化,并在三维支架材料上构建组织工程化软骨。     

羟基磷灰石/多聚左旋乳酸椎间融合器的力学评价

目的:评价羟基磷灰石和多聚左旋乳酸(hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lacticacid,HA/PLLA)制成的可吸收性腰椎椎间融合器(cage)的力学特性。方法:形状相同的HA/PLLAcage和Brantigan碳纤维cage及与cage外径相同的人尸体髂骨块各16枚,在材料实验机MTS上分别将3种椎体间置入体行压缩破坏(n=8)和压缩疲劳(n=8)试验,记录置入体压缩破坏时的最大压力、弹性系数以及1万次压力负荷后的高度变形率,并加以比较。结果:在瞬间破坏压力和弹性系数方面,HA/PLLAcage和碳纤维cage均显著高于髂骨块(P<0.05),但两种cage间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。1万次压力负荷后,两种cage的高度压缩率均显著小于髂骨块(P<0.05),且HA/PLLAcage的平均压缩率显著小于碳纤维cage(P<0.05)。结论:HA/PLLAcage和碳纤维cage较髂骨块具有更强的力学稳定性;与碳纤维cage相比,HA/PLLAcage不仅具有同等的瞬间抗破坏强度,而且具有更强的抗重复负荷变形的能力。     

Relative motion of lung and chest wall promotes uniform pleural space thickness

The pleural space is modeled in two dimensions as a thin layer of fluid separating a deformable membrane and a rigid surface containing a bump. We computed the steady-state membrane configuration and fluid pressure distribution during relative sliding of the two surfaces. For physiologically relevant values of membrane tension, shear flow-induced pressures near the bump and far-field pressure gradients are similar to those measured in vivo within the pleural space (e.g. Lai-Fook et al.) [J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 56 (1984) 1633-1639]. Deformation of the membrane over the bump suggests that the pressure field generated by the sliding motion promotes an even layer of fluid in the pleural space, preventing asperities from touching. Results also suggest a possible mechanism for pleural fluid redistribution during breathing, whereby irreversible fluid motion is associated with the deformability of the membrane.     

Elastohydrodynamic separation of pleural surfaces during breathing

To examine effects of lung motion on the separation of pleural surfaces during breathing, we modeled the pleural space in two dimensions as a thin layer of fluid separating a stationary elastic solid and a sliding flat solid surface. The undeformed elastic solid contained a series of bumps, to represent tissue surface features, introducing unevenness in fluid layer thickness. We computed the extent of deformation of the solid as a function of sliding velocity, solid elastic modulus, and bump geometry (wavelength and amplitude). For physiological values of the parameters, significant deformation occurs (i.e. bumps are 'flattened') promoting less variation in fluid thickness and decreased fluid shear stress. In addition, deformation is persistent; bumps of sufficient wavelength, once deformed, require a recovery time longer than a typical breath-to-breath interval to return near their undeformed configuration. These results suggest that in the pleural space during normal breathing, separation of pleural surfaces is promoted by the reciprocating sliding of lung and chest wall.     

Mechanical characteristics of skinned and intact muscle fibres from the giant barnacle,Balanus nubilus

Intact muscle fibres fromBalanus nubilus develop tensions of up to 600 kN sd m⁻² during electrical stimulation. The rise of tension occurs with a half-time (177 ms at 12° C) about fivefold longer than that of tetanised frog muscle at the same temperature. The response of myofibrillar bundles to a rapid stretch resembles that of frog muscle but has a y_o value (i.e. the size of an instantaneous release necessary to just discharge tension) which is ca. 2.5 times smaller, and phase 2 of the tension transient (the “quick phase”) occurs at a rate comparable to that of frog muscle. In contrast, the ATPase activity (0.018 mmoles · kg wet weight⁻¹ · s⁻¹) of this preparation and its maximum shortening velocity (0.15–0.16 muscle lengths · s⁻¹) are both at least fivefold slower than frog muscle. These findings can be accounted for by a cross-bridge cycle in barnacle muscle in which events prior and subsequent to the tension generating step(s) occur at a rate at least fivefold slower than comparable steps in frog muscle, but the step(s) associated with tension development occur at similar rates in the two preparations. Since the rate of mechanical relaxation in barnacle muscle is modified in the presence of intracellular calcium buffers and by depolarisation-induced elevation of the free calcium during the relaxation phase, it is proposed that the time course of relaxation is not determined exclusively by the kinetics of the cross-bridge cycle, but is also dependent on the free calcium concentration during relaxation.     

The Compliance Curve for the Flow Limiting Segments of the Airway

Maximum effort flow-static recoil curves were obtained in 5 healthy subjects breathing air, He/O₂, and SF₆/O₂ mixtures. In 4 of them maximum effort flows corresponded to really maximal flows and their curves were transformed into compliance curves for the flow limiting segments of the airway and analyzed from the point of view of a previously presented lung model (Pedersen and Nielsen 1976). The results showed, that viscosity dependent pressure losses from the alveoli to the flow limiting segments were minimal for air and SF₆/O₂, but not for He/O₂. When viscosity dependent pressure losses could be neglected, then expiration of gases of different densities gave almost identical compliance curves for the flow limiting segments. This supported the applicability of the model. The calculated compliance curves for the flow limiting segments were compared with data from the literature, and the findings indicated that flow limitation during expirations with just maximal flows throughout began in the extrapulmonary airways and moved upstream during the expiration.     

不同跟腱修复材料特性的临床意义

目的　跟腱断裂术后制动弊端多 ,而早期功能锻炼优点明确 ,探讨各种缝合材料在打结后材料力学特性及滑结情况 ,为临床创新设计 ,术后无须制动的缝合组合提供依据。方法　将不同型号薇乔线 (CV)、慕丝线 (Mersilk)、攀状尼龙线 (Nylon)、普迪思 (PDS)各 1 6条剪断后各打 4个结 ,进行材料力学特性测试。结果　缝合材料的最大载荷、刚度、强度、比能分别为 :PDS >CV >Nylon >Mersilk(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　尽管PDS肌腱缝合线易滑结 ,但 1 0 -PDS ,1 0 -CV、1 0Nylon作端对端跟腱修复强度足够 ,相应 5 0PDS、5 0CV缝合材料作腱周修复也可选择 ,且打 4个以上结可靠。尽管Mersilk不易滑结 ,但不适合跟腱修复。不过好的缝合材料应选择最佳的缝合方法才更有临床意义     

异种骨内固定器力学性能的实验研究

目的了解牛骨材料及其构件的力学强度[抗拉、抗压、抗折(弯曲)和抗扭(剪切)强度].方法将材料分为天然、处理和构件(即产品)三组并制成标准试件,用规定设备按标准方法进行检测.结果(1)牦牛股骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为106.35±3.45、127.60±2.65、225.9±4.1、53.45±1.55(MPa),胫骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为114.96±1.46、184.75±3.25、211.35±2.45、51.9±0.5(MPa).湖区水牛胫骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为1 28.1±11、195.8±9.4、167.4±1 2.7、54.25±0.75(MPa).(2)E0气薰灭菌对牛骨材料的力学性能无明显影响,幅照灭菌对牛骨材料的力学性能稍有影响.(3)处理后,牛骨螺钉、圆钉的抗折强度较材料有所降低,而抗拉强度、抗压强度、抗扭强度变化不大.结论牛骨是一种力学性能良好,适合制作内固定构件的高强度生物材料.     

Length-dependent activation and sensitivity in arterial ring segments

This study examines the effect of length on the dose-response (D-R) relationship and the effect of agonist concentration on the length-tension (L-T) relationship in vascular smooth muscle. The experiments used 2-mm rings from isolated segments of the dog anterior tibial artery. In D-R experiments the length (internal ring circumference) for maximum active force (L_max) was determined first. D-R relationships were obtained from cumulative responses to increasing concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) or potassium (K⁺). L-T relationships were obtained from individual responses to a specific concentration of agonist as the ring was stretched in increments of L₀ (the initial length for resting force). Dimensions of the arterial rings were measured with a video caliper. For NE and K⁺ stimulations at lengths equal to and less than L_max: (a) The concentration for half maximal response (ED₅₀) was lowest (most sensitive) at L_max and increased significantly as length decreased from L_max; (b) When the direction of length change was reversed, the direction of change in ED₅₀ was reversed; and (c) The ED₅₀ of repeated dose-response experiments at L_max was not significantly different. For NE: (a) the ED₅₀ decreased significantly when length was increased from L_max; and (b) the ED₅₀ increased significantly when length was decreased to L_max. The results of L-T experiments show L_max is significantly longer for a low concentration of NE (10⁻⁶ M) than for a high concentration (10⁻⁵ M). With force normalized to the maximum force, the L-T curve is significantly lower, and the initial length for an active response was 80% longer for 10⁻⁶ M than for 10⁻⁵ M NE. It may be concluded that vascular smooth muscle has a length-dependent dose-response relationship and a concentration-dependent length-tension relationship.