New options in breast reconstructive surgery: Alternatives to the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap

Transposition of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap is still considered by most authors a first-choice technique for breast reconstruction. However, the aesthetic drawbacks of the technique are significant: In our experience the posterior scar and the patchlike skin island are of concern to more than 30% of patients. Recent alternatives have sharply reduced the use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap as our first-choice technique. The utilization of a latissimus dorsi muscular flap in association with submuscular placement of a tissue expander is now our favorite technique for the majority of patients: Residual scarring is insignificant since the whole muscle can be raised through a 5–7-cm-long, S-shaped incision placed along the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi. The results obtained in a group of 35 patients demonstrate that the final results of the procedure in terms of shape and projection of the reconstructed breasts are absolutely similar to those obtained using the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. However, in patients with heavy body structure and large contralateral breast, satisfactory symmetry and a natural-looking reconstructed breast are obtained more effectively by transposition of a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. The precautions to be taken in order to make the procedure suitable for overweight patients are described and the results are discussed.     

Survival outcomes after breast-conserving therapy compared with mastectomy for patients with early-stage metaplastic breast cancer: a population-based study of 2412 patients

BackgroundPrevious studies revealed that patients with early-stage metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) underwent mastectomy more often than breast-conserving therapy (BCT) mainly due to the larger tumor size. This study was performed to compare the survival outcomes following BCT versus mastectomy for patients with early-stage MBC.MethodsSurveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify women diagnosed with early-stage MBC (T1-3N0-3M0) between 2001 and 2016, who were treated with either BCT or mastectomy. We assessed overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) using the Kaplan-Meier method and hazard ratios using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsA total of 2412 MBC patients were identified, 881 (36.5%) of whom underwent BCT and 1531(63.5%) underwent mastectomy. The median follow-up time was 73 months. Most of patients had older age (≥50 years old), larger tumor size, higher American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage and hormone receptor negativity. After adjustment for confounding variables, patients who underwent BCT had significantly improved OS (5-year OS: 84.3% vs 62.5%; 10-year OS: 73.0% vs 52.1%; adjusted HR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.59–0.97, p = 0.028) and BCSS (5-year BCSS: 89.1% vs 70.8%; 10-year BCSS: 83.9% vs 67.5%; adjusted HR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.53–0.96, p = 0.026) than those who underwent mastectomy, and this improvement remained significant for all T and N stages of MBC except for N2-3 stage.ConclusionBCT conferred improved OS and BCSS compared with mastectomy for patients with early-stage MBC, and the improvement persisted in almost all of the subgroups of different T and N stages.     

The effect of postmastectomy radiation therapy on high-risk patients with T1-2N0 breast cancer

BackgroundThe prognostic impact of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) on high-risk patients with T1-2N0 breast cancer is controversial. We aimed to investigate the effect of PMRT on high-risk patients with T1-2N0 breast cancer.MethodsA total of 3439 patients diagnosed with T1-2N0 breast cancer who received mastectomy between 2000 and 2016 in our institute were retrospectively analyzed. Leveraging the Fine and Gray competing risks regression in unirradiated patients, risk factors of locoregional recurrence (LRR) were identified. All patients were stratified into high-risk (3 or 4 risk factors) and low-risk (no more than 2 risk factors) groups. The prognostic effect of PMRT was estimated in two subgroups. This subgroup analysis was also performed in patients with T2N0 breast cancer.ResultsThe median follow-up was 89 months. The 5-year cumulative incidence of LRR was 2.2% in unirradiated patients. Tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER) status, histologic grade and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were identified as independent risk factors of LRR. In the high-risk group, PMRT was correlated with a 8.3% risk reduction of 5-year LRR, 7.8% risk reduction of 5-year distant recurrence (DR), and 6.4% risk reduction of 5-year breast cancer mortality (BCM), whereas it was not correlated with LRR, DR, or BCM in low-risk group. In patients with T2N0 breast cancer, PMRT was associated with decreased LRR, DR and BCM in high-risk group, other than low-risk group.ConclusionsPMRT presented heterogenous effect on patients with T1-2N0 breast cancer. Patients at high risk of LRR were more likely to benefit from PMRT.     

Comparison of two-year and five-year tamoxifen use in Japanese post-menopausal women

AIM: Large multicenter, randomized trials have revealed the advantages of using tamoxifen for 5 years vs 2 years in breast cancer patients. The aim of this report is to confirm the optimal duration of tamoxifen administration in a study of Japanese breast cancer patients. METHODS: Japanese post-menopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy were randomly assigned to either a 5-year or 2-year course of tamoxifen. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival, with secondary endpoints of overall survival and a reduction in the development of metachronous contra-lateral breast cancer. RESULTS: A total of 256 breast cancer patients were randomized to a 5-year or 2-year tamoxifen administration group. After a median follow-up time of 81 months, there were no significant differences seen in terms of disease-free or overall survival (p=0.65 and 0.56, respectively). Furthermore, the impact of the 5-year use of tamoxifen on the development of contra-lateral breast cancer did not reach statistical significance (p=0.0511). However, 5-year tamoxifen use was closely associated with gynaecological complications (p=0.0081). CONCLUSION: We could not show a beneficial effect of using tamoxifen for 5 years over 2 years in Japanese estrogen receptor-positive patients. This is likely due to the small number of patients enrolled in our study; however, racial disparity may influence this result. A reevaluation is necessary to study the advantages of the 5-year use of tamoxifen in the Japanese racial subgroup.     

乳腺癌改良根治术与Halsted根治术的疗效比较

本文复习了我院７２例改良根治术治疗的乳腺癌患者，与同时期Ｈａｌｓｔｅｄ根治术７３例作比较。ＭＲＭ组５年、１０年生存率分别为８１．０４％和５０．５９％，ＲＭ组分别为７５．５７％和５５．３３％。经统计学处理，两组无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。同时对腋淋巴结清除数目与局部复发率分别进行比较，两组也无显著差异。作者认为对可手术的乳腺癌，除非肿瘤累及胸大肌或腋淋巴结转移较大而影响手术操作外，ＭＲＭ为可行术式。     

信息支持对乳腺癌根治术患者疾病不确定感的影响

目的:探讨信息支持对乳腺癌根治术患者围手术期疾病不确定感的影响.方法:为类实验性研究,采用便利抽样方法抽取乳腺癌根治术患者共60例.前30例患者为对照组,后30例患者为实验组.采用疾病不确定感量表(MUIS)对60例患者于入院时、手术前、出院前进行疾病不确定感调查.实验组患者接受实验者提供的与疾病和康复相关的信息支持.对照组只接受病房护士提供的健康指导.结果:实验组在手术前以及出院时的疾病不确定感均比入院时明显下降(P< 0.05);与入院时相比,实验组在手术前和出院时的疾病不确定感的下降幅度远超过对照组的疾病不确定感的下降幅度(P<0.05).结论:对围手术期乳腺癌患者提供系统性的信息支持,能显著降低患者的疾病不确定感.     

A comparison of patient-centered economic and clinical outcomes of post-mastectomy breast reconstruction between obese and non-obese patients

BackgroundThe objectives of this study were to compare, by patient obesity status, the contemporary utilization patterns of different reconstruction surgery types, understand postoperative complication profiles in the community setting, and analyze the financial impact on health care payers and patients.MethodsUsing data from the MarketScan Health Risk Assessment Database and Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, we identified breast cancer patients who received breast reconstruction surgery following mastectomy between 2009 and 2012. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate the utilization pattern of breast reconstruction surgery. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the association between obesity status and infectious, wound, and perfusion complications within one year of surgery. A generalized linear model was used to compare total, complication-related, and out-of-pocket costs.ResultsThe rate of TE/implant-based reconstruction increased significantly for non-obese patients but not for obese patients during the years analyzed, whereas autologous reconstruction decreased for both patient groups. Obesity was associated with higher odds of infectious, wound, and perfusion complications after TE/implant-based reconstruction, and higher odds of perfusion complications after autologous reconstruction. The adjusted total healthcare costs and out-of-pocket costs were similar for obese and non-obese patients for either type of breast reconstruction surgery.ConclusionsA greater likelihood of one-year complications arose from TE/implant-based vs autologous reconstruction surgery in obese patients. Given that out-of-pocket costs were independent of the type of reconstruction, greater emphasis should be placed on conveying the surgery-related complications to obese patients to aid in patient-based decision making with their plastic surgeons and oncologists.     

Cirugía mayor ambulatoria en patología mamaria

IntroductionThe use of ambulatory surgery (AS) for breast pathology (BP) has increased. The objective of this study is to analyse a group of patients treated surgically for breast pathology in order to evaluate its quality and security in a MAS setting in 2017.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients undergoing breast surgery was conducted within an AS programme from January to December 2017 in Consorcio Hospital General Universitario of Valencia (CHGUV). The study analysed the number of patients, exclusion reasons, type of surgical procedures, evolution of substitution rate (SR), rate and causes of conversion to admission, postoperative complications, motives for not being included in the ambulatory programme and the satisfaction rate of the patients treated with ambulatory surgery. This has been compared with a 2013 group.ResultsIn 2017, 396 procedures for BP were performed: 170 for benign and 226 for malignant disease. The SR for the global mammary pathology was 72.8%. The SR for benign pathology was 93.4% and the SR for malignant pathology was 57.2%, which has increased in recent years from 45.4% in 2013. The unexpected hospitalization rate (HR) of malignant pathologies was 14.1%, while the HR in benign pathologies was 0.6%. Patients hospitalized for malignant pathologies presented higher complications (17%) than ambulatory patients (8.5%) and benign pathologies (6.5%).ConclusionsAt the CHGUV, the SR has steadily increased in malignant pathologies. The unexpected hospitalization rate is determined by perioperative sentinel lymph node biopsy results. AS for the treatment of mammary pathology is efficient and safe.     

全数字化乳腺X线立体定位及切除技术对触诊阴性乳腺病灶的应用

目的：探讨全数字化乳腺X线立体定位及切除技术对触诊阴性乳腺病灶的应用价值。方法对146例乳腺触诊阴性病灶行X线检查确定病灶位置,采用导丝立体定位乳腺病灶,根据定位导丝指引完整切除病灶及定位导丝,切除标本行X线检查,证实预定病灶已完整切除,标本做病理检查,确定病灶的病理类型。结果146例乳腺病灶中乳腺癌21例,占14.38%（21/146）,癌前病变（非典型增生17例,导管内乳头状瘤病6例）共23例,占15.75%（23/146）,良性病变102例,占（69.86%,102/146）。结论立体定位切除活检对触诊阴性乳腺病灶定位准确,可以早期发现乳腺癌及癌前病变,对提高乳腺癌的早期诊断率、提高乳腺癌的二级预防具有一定的临床应用价值。