Technique Tip: Medial prominence bone spur resection in the third-generation percutaneous Chevron-Akin Osteotomy Technique (PECA) for hallux valgus correction

The third-generation percutaneous chevron and Akin osteotomy (PECA) technique for surgical management of hallux valgus has shown improvement in clinical and radiographic outcomes. During this procedure, lateral translation and fixation of the first metatarsal head results in the formation of a bony prominence on the medial side of the distal aspect of the first metatarsal which can cause pain and discomfort to the patient. We describe two techniques to address this bony prominence; either i) excision osteotomy and removal of the fragment or ii) a dorsal closing wedge osteotomy retaining the bony fragment.Level of EvidenceLevel V, expert opinion     

Relationship between lower limb muscle strength and hallux valgus severity in older people

ObjectiveTo examine differences in lower limb muscle strength between older people with varying degrees of hallux valgus deformity.MethodsMuscle strength was measured at the knee, ankle and foot using hand-held dynamometry and a clinical test of toe strength (the paper grip test) in 157 older people (99 women and 58 men) aged 65 to 91 (mean 74.1, SD 5.9) years. Hallux valgus severity was documented as none, mild, moderate or severe using validated photographs. Differences in muscle strength according to hallux valgus severity were evaluated using analysis of variance, adjusting for age. Paper grip test performance was compared across the hallux valgus severity groups using the chi-square (χ²) statistic.ResultsKnee extension, ankle joint dorsiflexion, ankle joint plantar flexion, ankle joint inversion, ankle joint eversion and lesser toe plantarflexion strength were not significantly different across the four hallux valgus severity groups. However, there was a significant, dose-response reduction in hallux plantarflexion strength with increasing severity of hallux valgus. This persisted after adjustment for age (F₃ = 5.5, p = 0.001) with a medium effect size (partial η² = 0.10). The number of participants who could successfully complete the paper grip test of the hallux significantly reduced across the four hallux valgus categories (χ² = 18.5, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThere is a specific and progressive reduction in hallux plantarflexion strength with increasing severity of hallux valgus in older people. This finding has potential implications for both the aetiology and treatment of this common and disabling condition.     

Correction of hallux valgus deformity with distal soft tissue realignment and proximal metatarsal osteotomy

Abstract Fifty moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities were corrected with a distal soft tissue realignment and proximal crescentic metatarsal osteotomy. With an average follow-up of 5.6 years, 40 feet (80%) were pain free and 42 (84%) caused no functional limitation. The average hallux valgus angle improved from 38.2° preoperatively to 12.4° at follow-up. The average intermetatarsal angle improved from 15.4° to 6.8°. The arch of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was 75° preoperatively and 62° at follow-up. According to the AOFAS scoring system, 29 results (58%) were excellent, 14 (28%) good, 2 (4%) fair and 5 (10%) poor. The 5 poor results were attributed to recurrence of hallux valgus (2 cases), stiffness (1), hallux varus (1) and malunion of the osteotomy in dorsiflexion (1). The incidences of hallux varus and malunion in dorsiflexion were 8% and 14%, respectively. This technique is valuable in correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities.     

Mitchell手术治疗拇外翻畸形的改进

目的　采用改进的Mitchell术式矫正拇外翻畸形。方法　对Mitchell术式进行改进 ,术中缩短第 1跖骨 ,内侧舌状骨瓣旋后外翻嵌入截骨近端髓腔 ,拇收肌联合腱移位于第 1跖骨头外侧 ,并松解第 1跖趾外侧关节囊等综合整形。结果　共 63例 (1 0 1足 )应用Mitchell术式并得到 2年以上的随访 ,总优良率达 91 % ,疗效满意。结论　本术式针对拇外翻畸形的病理解剖及其症状多方面矫正 ,使术后的外形和功能得到全面改善 ,可同时适用中老年患者     

Metatarsal and phalangeal double osteotomy of the first shaft in the treatment of hallux valgus

Numerous surgical techniques have been proposed for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus. Some of them only concern soft tissues; others combine a surgery on the soft tissues with a procedure on the bone structures. The technique we present combines a basimetatarsal valgization by subtractive external osteotomy with a wide metatarso-phalangeal freeing. The basimetatarsal osteotomy allows to correct the deformities in the three planes of space. The basi phalangeal osteotomy is not systematic but is proposed in case of severe hallux valgus, superior to 45° or in case of hallomegalia (gigantism of hallux).     

第一跖楔关节融合治疗拇外翻合并第一跖楔关节不稳

目的探讨第一跖楔关节融合重建足横弓治疗拇外翻合并第一跖楔关节不稳的疗效。方法2003年1月至2005年6月，手术治疗合并第一跖楔关节过度活动、足横弓塌陷的拇外翻患者23例32足，均为女性；年龄46-72岁，平均（60．3±9．3）岁。第一跖骨头下压、外移及旋后并与失稳的第一跖楔关节融合，融合关节采用AO“T”形钢板固定。拇外翻畸形采用改良McBride软组织手术矫形。术后石膏固定6周，随后部分负重2周。结果20例患者28足获得完整随访，随访时间6-22个月，平均13．3个月。X线片显示第一跖楔关节均获得良好融合。拇外翻角从术前的平均51°±12°减小到术后的平均22°±6°；第一、二跖骨间角从术前的平均15°±5°减小到术后的平均9°±4°。患者主观评价，优15足，良9足，可4足，优良率为85．7％。患者前足底疼痛均有明显好转，4足有不同程度的第一跖趾关节疼痛，1足足中部不适，取内固定后消失。结论第一跖楔关节融合治疗拇外翻合并第一跖楔关节不稳能很好地纠正足横弓的塌陷、第一跖骨内翻畸形，对恢复第一跖骨头的负重功能有较好的治疗效果。采用钢板内固定能有效提高融合部位的稳定，利于前足的早期负重。     

医原性(足母)内翻的外科治疗

目的探讨医原性躅内翻矫形手术治疗的经验与防治方法。方法1989年7月至2005年5月治疗医原性躅内翻27例（28足），男4例（4足），女23例（24足）；年龄24～62岁，平均51.3岁。采用Hiss手术13例（14足）、myerson手术10例（10足）、跖骨远端截骨术4例（4足）。术前对每个病例进行临床、x线片与CT检查，分析其躅内翻的发病原因。术后对所有病例进行随访，按美国足踝外科协会maryland百分制评分系统，对疼痛、功能、体征进行评分。结果27例（28足）获得随访，随访时间1年～17年2个月，平均5．7年。术前评分平均为52．4（41～57）分，术后平均为89（64～100）分。疗效优13足（46_4％），良11足（39．3％），可4足（14-3％），优良率85．7％。施行Hiss手术者中1例术后13年发生蹿长伸肌腱轻度挛缩，采用myerson手术者术后背伸较术前平均减少9.5°（8°。～12．5°。）。医原性躅内翻的发生原因有5个，其中最常见的是在躅外翻矫形时跖骨头内侧骨赘切除过多，本组有14足（50％），然后依次为内侧关节囊过度重叠紧缩缝合5足（17．9％），矫形时过度纠正IMA4足（14-4％），术后长时期固定3足（10．8％），术后躅趾外展与内收肌力失衡2足（6．9％）。结论躅外翻矫形并发躅内翻最常见的原因是对跖骨头内侧骨赘切除过多。术者在治疗医原性躅内翻时，应根据各个病例的不同情况选择不同的术式进行治疗。采用Hiss、Myerson软组织重建术与Chevron跖骨远端截骨术矫正医原性跨内翻切实可行、疗效可靠。     

Scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus deformity: Radiological outcome,metatarsal length and early complications in 118 feet

BackgroundScarf osteotomy has been widely used to restore axial orientation of the first ray in the treatment of hallux valgus deformity. The aim of the study was to present our radiological outcomes of bunion reconstruction, identify surgical complications in early follow-up, and assess to what extent a shortening of the first metatarsal is present after surgery as a possible cause of postoperative metatarsalgia.MethodsWe enrolled 106 patients (118 feet) and assessed patients’ pre- and postoperative measurements of hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles on weightbearing X-ray images. Three different methods of measuring metatarsal length were compared and early postoperative complications noted.ResultsHallux valgus angle decreased significantly by an average of 18.7 degrees and the intermetatarsal angle by 7.8 degrees. Using three methods of measuring metatarsal length, all showed significant shortening of the first metatarsal. Mean relative lengthening of the second metatarsal averaged 0.45 mm. The Coughlin method showed the highest interrater reliability (ICC = 0.96).ConclusionsSignificant reduction of the hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle was demonstrated with a low complication rate. There was significant shortening of the first metatarsal. The Coughlin method clearly demonstrated an excellent interrater reliability.Level of evidenceLevel IV.     

Simultaneous bilateral hallux valgus surgery: Percutaneous or conventional? Early results of a matched study from a tertiary institution

BackgroundHallux valgus is bilateral in up to 84 % of cases. In the setting of simultaneous bilateral correction, we aim to evaluate if minimally invasive percutaneous surgery (MIS) provides any advantage compared to conventional open surgery.Methods52 feet (26 patients) undergoing simultaneous bilateral MIS surgery were matched by severity of deformity to 52 feet (26 patients) undergoing simultaneous conventional open surgery. Patients were followed for a minimum of six months. Pre- and post-operative radiographs and clinical records were reviewed.ResultsThere were no significant differences in pre-operative function or pain between both groups. Post-operatively, the mean hallux valgus angle (HVA) was significantly lower in the MIS group. (HVA MIS – 8.6; Open – 11.8, P = 0.013). There were no significant differences in post-operative outcome and patient satisfaction between both groups.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that simultaneous bilateral MIS hallux valgus surgery can be considered for patients with bilateral symptomatic hallux valgus.