Intermediate filament expression in human vascular smooth muscle and in arteriosclerotic plaques

Summary Different regions of human aorta and of other human arteries obtained at autopsy were analyzed with regard to their topography and to the different stages of arteriosclerosis. Material was studied by immunocytochemical techniques with antibodies specific for either desmin (D) or for vimentin (V), the two types of intermediate filament proteins present in vascular smooth muscle cells. In normal arteries endothelial cells as well as the adjacent intimal cells were D–V+. In the media D+V+ as well as D–V+ cells were present, with the relative numbers of each cell type dependent on the particular blood vessel. When cells in arteriosclerotic plaques at different stages of development were examined an occasional plaque showed cells of the D+V+ type. In the majority of plaques however the cells were V– D+. In plaques where severe ulceration and necrotic material was present D–V+ cells were found at the border of the lesion: foam cells when they could be identified appeared to be D–V+.     

氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白可诱导人单核细胞源树突状细胞形成泡沫细胞

目的： 探讨氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）对人单核细胞源树突状细胞（DC）功能的影响。 方法： 采用免疫磁珠法分离人外周血CD14+单核细胞，经含rhGM-CSF（100 μg/L）和rhIL-4（20 μg/L）的Cellgro培养，使其分化为DC。DC与100 mg/L天然的或氧化修饰的LDL孵育72 h后，采用透射电镜和尼罗红染色观察细胞内脂质沉积，流式细胞术检测DC表型（CD1a，CD40，CD86，HLA-DR），混合T淋巴细胞反应检测DC对淋巴细胞增殖的影响，FITC-dextran检测DC吞噬功能，ELISA检测细胞培养上清Th1/Th2 (IL-12/IL-2)细胞因子的浓度。 结果： ox-LDL可诱导DC形成泡沫细胞，而天然的LDL无此作用。经ox-LDL处理的DC吞噬作用明显弱于天然的LDL，而对T细胞增殖作用却明显强于天然的LDL；可明显上调CD80(72.4±9.6 vs 89.5±10.1, P<0.01), CD86(67.2±8.8 vs 80.2±11.6, P＜0.01), HLA-DR(80.6±9.8 vs 86.6±10.8, P<0.01) 和CD1a(40.2±10.3 vs 60.2±9.3, P<0.01)的表达，明显促进DC细胞因子IL-12［(44.3±8.9)ng/L vs (65.1±10.4)ng/L, P<0.05］的分泌，但却降低IL-2［(43.6±7.8）ng/L vs （10.0±4.5）ng/L, P<0.01］。 结论： DC可通过摄取ox-LDL形成泡沫细胞，而后者与成熟DC的功能相似，说明DC可能是泡沫细胞新的来源，在动脉粥样硬化免疫病理发生中具有重要的作用。     

Mammary foam cells

 Cells showing abundant, finely vacuolized cytoplasm (foam cells) are found frequently in most benign lesions of the breast and in certain malignant breast tumours. The origin of mammary foam cells (FCs) has not been clarified, and we therefore studied the morphological features of mammary FCs in a series of 50 benign lesions. The FCs were subdivided, on the basis of their distribution into FCs lining the glandular lumina, intraluminal FCs, intraepithelial-pagetoid FCs, and stromal FCs. The lesions were tested with a panel of antibodies against macrophage (MAC 387, CD68) and epithelial (epithelial membrane antigen [EMA], gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 [GCDFP15] and cytokeratin) markers. The lesions were examined for the presence of PIP/GCDFP15-specific mRNA by an in situ hybridization technique. Three different types of FCs were identified. Type A FCs are epithelial cells (positivity with EMA and cytokeratin) and show apocrine differentiation (positivity with GCDFP15 antiserum and expression of PIP/GCDFP15 mRNA). Type B FCs are of macrophage origin, as they are positive with the macrophage markers and lack cytokeratin and PIP/GCDFP15 mRNA. Finally, type C FCs show an intermediate profile between an epithelial cell and a macrophage: they are both CD68 and GCDFP15 positive and show a thin peripheral rim of positivity with anti-cytokeratin antibody. They lack PIP/GCDFP15 mRNA. Our results indicate the possibility of a spectrum of phenotypes in mammary FCs, from epithelial-apocrine cells to macrophage-derived phagocytic cells. Received: 19 September 1997 / Accepted: 29 December 1997     

Studies on fine structure and location of lipids in quick-freeze replicas of atherosclerotic aorta of WHHL rabbits

Summary The fine structure of intracellular and extracellular lipids in the atherosclerotic aorta of Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits was demonstrated by a quick-freeze etching technique. Many lipid droplets, with and without a membrane, were observed in the foam cells. Membrane-free droplets were observed as onionlike structure with a concentric lamellar structure surrounded by 10 nm filaments. Droplets surrounded by a limited membrane probably correspond to lipid-laden lysosomes.In the extracellular connective tissue space, marked accumulation of lipids with a vesicular structure was seen among collagen fibers. The appearance of these lipids was similar to that of lipids in lysosomes of foam cells.     

载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ对三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的影响

目的：以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象，观察载脂蛋白A-I对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的影响,从而探讨载脂蛋白A-I对动脉粥样硬化(As)发生发展的影响。方法:用液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出, 高效液相色谱分析细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量, 运用逆转录-多聚酶链反应和Western 印迹分别检测ABCA1 mRNA 与ABCA1蛋白的表达,用流式细胞术检测细胞平均ABCA1荧光强度。 结果:载脂蛋白A-I引起THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯呈时间依赖性减少, 而ABCA1蛋白质水平、细胞平均ABCA1荧光强度以及细胞内胆固醇流出呈时间依赖性增加,但ABCA1 mRNA没有明显变化。巯基蛋白酶抑制剂(leupeptin 和ALLN)增加ABCA1蛋白质水平,而其它蛋白酶抑制剂(pepstatin A、aprotinin及phosphoramiddon)不增加ABCA1蛋白质水平,蛋白体抑制剂(lactacytin)和溶酶体抑制剂(NH4Cl)也不影响ABCA1蛋白质水平。 结论:巯基蛋白酶可降解THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1蛋白质,而载脂蛋白A-I可阻碍巯基蛋白酶降解ABCA1蛋白质,从而提高THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1 蛋白质水平, 增加细胞内胆固醇流出, 降低细胞内胆固醇聚积。     

人单核巨噬细胞泡沫化抑制剂筛选模型的建立及应用

目的: 建立人单核巨噬细胞泡沫化抑制剂筛选模型,筛选得到可抑制细胞泡沫化的抑制剂.方法: U937单核细胞经100 nmol·L-1佛波酯(PMA)诱导72 h分化为巨噬细胞后,换无血清培养液于96孔板中,每毫升含巨噬细胞1×106个,每孔再加入80 mg·L-1氧化的低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL),37 ℃培养48 h,建立单核巨噬细胞泡沫化模型.利用微生物发酵液,或单一的化合物样品与其共孵育,油红.染色后观察细胞胞内变化,寻找对泡沫细胞形成有抑制作用的样品.利用基因工程技术表达的人清道夫受体A类II型的胞外部分,在本模型中可抑制巨噬细胞泡沫化的形成,进一步验证了模型的可行性.结果: 从2000 个微生物发酵液中筛选到6株微生物发酵液为阳性,从10个化合物中发现一个有抑制巨噬细胞泡沫化活性的新化合物.结论: 本模型可用于细胞泡沫化抑制剂的高通量筛选.     

应用泡沫硬化剂治疗下肢浅静脉曲张的护理观察

目的研究分析泡沫硬化剂用于下肢浅静脉曲张的临床护理措施。方法择取2013年8月~2014年8月期间在我院接受泡沫硬化剂治疗的60例下肢浅静脉曲张患者,通过抽签法则将其按照1:1比例随机性分成2组,一组30例患者接受常规化护理设为试验的对照组;一组30例患者接受优质护理设为试验的观察组。结果观察组患者的不良反应发生率约为3.33%(1/30)、复发率约为0%(0/30),均显著小于对照组的16.67%(5/30)、10.0%(3/30),差异有统计学意义,P0.05。结论优质护理干预对泡沫硬化剂治疗下肢浅静脉曲张患者具有特别重要的意义,可显著减小临床不良反应的发生率及复发率,以利于患者术后更好的恢复。     

激素敏感脂酶基因高度表达对泡沫细胞形成的作用

中国仓鼠卵细胞在给予β－ＶＬＤＬ后，细胞内蓄积胆固醇酯，形成泡沫样细胞。以腺病毒基因转移方法书激素敏感脂酶基因转染到中国仓鼠卵细胞中，得到了来自激素敏感脂酶的胆固醇酯水解活性高度表达，此时，β－ＶＬＤＬ导致的胆固醇酯蓄积作用被阻断，提示增加胆固醇酯水解可以防止泡沫细胞形成。     

Efficacy of foam rolling with additional vibration stimulation on the mobility of the thoracolumbar fascia. An observational study

IntroductionObservations show that foam rolling improves joint movements. Likewise, it can be stated that a vibration stimulation of the tissue leads to improved joint mobility.MethodThis study investigates whether the combination of foam rolling and vibrations (31 Hz) can influence the sliding of the thoracolumbar fascia more effectively than normal foam rolling. 45 subjects participated in the study and were divided into a foam roll with additional vibration group (FRV), a foam roll group (FR) and a control group (CG). The intervention groups rolled out the gluteal muscles, the lateral trunk and the upper and lower back. Mobility measures were taken pre and post the respective intervention. Subsequent cross correlation software analysis quantified the sliding of the fascia and calculated its shear strain mobility (SSM).ResultsThe sliding of the thoracolumbar fascia improved significantly within the FRV by 2.83 mm (SD ± 1.08/p < .001), in the FR by 0.96 mm (SD ± 0.43/p < .001) and in the CG decreased the sliding by 0.1401 mm (SD ± 0.28/p = .076). The fascia/fascia SSM increased in the FRV by 22.61% (SD ± 15.64/p < .001), in the FR by 11.41% (SD ± 20.38/p = .056) and in the CG decreased the SSM by 0.9473% (SD ± 11.35/p < .751). The lumbar movement increased in both intervention groups, but showed no significant result.ConclusionThe use of a foam roll with additional vibration and standard intervention have increased thoracolumbar fascia sliding and lumbar movements. The improved shear strain mobility can be attributed to the multi-activity of mechanoreceptors, such as Pacini- and Ruffini-Bodies.     

载脂蛋白A-I模拟肽D-4F对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞清道夫受体A1的抑制作用

 目的:研究载脂蛋白A-I模拟肽D-4F对氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL）所诱导的巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞清道夫受体A1（scavenger receptor A1,SR-A1）的抑制作用及其机制。方法:体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,给予不同浓度的D-4F（12.5、25和50 mg/L）、紊乱模拟肽sD-4F（50 mmol/L）处理1 h或者5 mmol/L内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）抑制剂 4-苯丁酸处理30 min后,再加入ox-LDL （100 mg/L）继续培养12 h。另外培养巨噬细胞给予50 mg/L D-4F 或sD-4F 处理1 h,再加入2 mg/L ERS诱导剂衣霉素（tunicamycin,TM）处理4 h。MTT法检测细胞活力;试剂盒检测细胞内总胆固醇含量;分别采用免疫印迹法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time PCR）技术检测SR-A1和ERS标志分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78 （glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78）蛋白和mRNA表达变化;采用多功能酶标仪检测DiI-ox-LDL摄取情况。结果:D-4F明显减轻ox-LDL所诱导的巨噬细胞损伤和细胞内的胆固醇蓄积。ox-LDL可显著上调SR-A1和GRP78表达,而D-4F对上述变化具有明显抑制作用,且呈浓度依赖性。D-4F显著抑制TM所诱导的SR-A1和GRP78蛋白水平以及巨噬细胞对ox-LDL的摄取。结论: D-4F可通过抑制SR-A1 表达减轻ox-LDL所诱导的巨噬细胞内胆固醇蓄积和细胞损伤,其机制可能与抑制GRP78介导的ERS信号途径有关。