A theoretical consideration of extensions of the Z-plasty principle

For the release of congenital or posttraumatic webs a variety of local skin flap techniques have been described. Confusion exists on how much lengthening may be obtained by each of these techniques, as well as on how much lateral slack is needed for the flaps to be shifted. These techniques and the results they provide are reviewed, calculated, and visualized by diagrams. It is concluded that the Z-plasty and its modifications lead to superior lengthening-to-narrowing ratios. Combined YV-plasties have their advantage in that resection of scarred skin will be obtained. Position, extent and orientation of the scar or web will generally indicate which technique is to be used in each individual case.     

Genetically modified fibroblasts induce angiogenesis in the rat epigastric island flap

Methods: Gene therapy was tested for inducing functional angiogenesis in the superficial rat epigastric island flap to allow earlier pedicle division. Autologous rat fibroblasts were grown, harvested, cultured and retrovirally transfected to produce platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), an angiogenetically active protein. Stable gene expression was monitored by PDGF-AA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One hundred and eighty animals were divided into three groups (I–III) and a bilateral flap created in each animal. In all experiments, the right-sided flap was subjected to experimental treatment and the left-sided flap served as control (1 ml saline 0.9%). During flap elevation, group I received 5×10⁶ GMFB (genetically modified fibroblasts) plus 1 ml Dul-becco's modified Eagle's medium. Group II was treated with 5×10⁶ NMFB (non-modified fibroblasts) plus 1 ml medium and group III received 1 ml medium only. The flaps were sutured back and the vascular pedicle was bilaterally ligated and divided in each of ten animals during the following 6 days. After 7 days, the flaps were harvested, the amount of necrosis measured and histologically examined. Results: The GMFB produced up to 560 times more PDGF-AA than the NMFB, measured by ELISA. The GMFB-treated flaps tolerated surgical division of the vascular pedicle significantly earlier than groups II and III. Histologically, fibroblasts persisted in all flaps of groups I and II, without major inflammatory reaction. In all GMFB-treated flaps, massive angiogenesis could be demonstrated. Conclusion: By means of retroviral gene transfer, autologous rat fibroblasts can be genetically modified for stable expression of the PDGF-A gene to produce high amounts of PDGF-AA, which is angiogenetically active. After injection into the panniculus carnosus, these cells induce functional angiogenesis to permit earlier division of the vascular pedicle in this flap model. Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted: 17 June 1998     

Reconstruction of complex and unusual defects of the thoracic wall

Summary From 1981 to. 1989, a total of 13 procedures were performed on 12 patients requiring complex reconstructions of the thoracic wall. The most common cause of these defects was cancer. Muscle flaps remain the treatment of choice for thoracic wall reconstruction and have been used in 10 cases. Microsurgical tissue transfer opens even larger therapeutic perspectives. A team approach is recommended.     

New options in breast reconstructive surgery: Alternatives to the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap

Transposition of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap is still considered by most authors a first-choice technique for breast reconstruction. However, the aesthetic drawbacks of the technique are significant: In our experience the posterior scar and the patchlike skin island are of concern to more than 30% of patients. Recent alternatives have sharply reduced the use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap as our first-choice technique. The utilization of a latissimus dorsi muscular flap in association with submuscular placement of a tissue expander is now our favorite technique for the majority of patients: Residual scarring is insignificant since the whole muscle can be raised through a 5–7-cm-long, S-shaped incision placed along the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi. The results obtained in a group of 35 patients demonstrate that the final results of the procedure in terms of shape and projection of the reconstructed breasts are absolutely similar to those obtained using the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. However, in patients with heavy body structure and large contralateral breast, satisfactory symmetry and a natural-looking reconstructed breast are obtained more effectively by transposition of a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. The precautions to be taken in order to make the procedure suitable for overweight patients are described and the results are discussed.     

445例先天性尿道下裂的治疗

目的 探讨不同术式对445例不同类型先天性尿道下裂患儿的手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1988年—2003年445例先天性尿道下裂病例资料，其中采用阴茎阴囊纵隔带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术311例，包皮内板带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术52例，包皮及阴茎阴囊联合皮瓣尿道成型术61例，膀胱粘膜代尿道术21例。每例均同时行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术。结果 治愈率90．6％，并发症为9．4％。其中尿道狭窄11例，尿瘘31例。尿道狭窄中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法2例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法5例，联合皮瓣法3例；尿瘘中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法3例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法24例，联合皮瓣法3例。结论 根据尿道下裂类型选择不同的术式 尿流改道，并严格遵守整形外科的原则是尿道下裂手术成功的关键。     

Surgical reconstructive procedures for treatment of ischial,sacral and trochanteric pressure ulcers

Background

Pressure ulcers are frequent complications for long term hospitalized bed-ridden patients which are not able to move or move very little. In fact, the lesion forms in a skin and muscle region which undergoes a constant pressure between an underlying bone protrusion and a support structure such as a bed or a wheelchair. Initially only the outer layers are involved but in time, the ulcer can spread to the deeper structures and reach the bone.

Patients and methods

In our work we described the anatomical areas that are most often subject to developing a pressure ulcer and we considered the surgical treatment and reconstructive procedures which are applied using a logical and rigorous sequence.

Results

We considered 4 clinical cases (2 ischiatic sores, 1 sacral sore and 1 gluteal-trochanteric sore) which demonstrate the surgical treatment and the reconstructive pro-cedures.

Conclusions

It is crucial to cover the defects with a thick flap to give more support and protection to the areas which undergo pressure and to lower the incidence of recurrences.     

小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术治疗对侧小腿软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术治疗对侧小腿软组织缺损的疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年1月甘肃省兰州市兰州手足外科医院骨科收治的8例小腿软组织缺损患者资料。男5例,女3例;年龄19~50岁,平均35岁。所有患者均以胫后动脉为蒂小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术治疗。软组织缺损的范围为10 cm×9 cm^13 cm×8 cm。肌瓣和血管蒂表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合。末次随访时按Iowa等提出的胫骨骨折疗效评定方法评定疗效。结果术后所有患者的皮瓣和肌瓣全部成活,没有发生血管危象。有1例患者发生肌瓣远端小块植皮坏死,经2周换药处理自然愈合。术后所有患者获2.5~4.5年(平均3.8年)随访。受区外形较好。末次随访时按Iowa等提出的胫骨骨折疗效评定方法评定疗效:优3例,良4例,可1例。结论小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术适用于治疗小腿仅有1条主要血管的软组织缺损,可减轻供区损伤。     

小儿同指顺行指动脉神经蒂皮瓣修复指端（腹）缺损46例

目的：总结小儿同指顺行指动脉神经蒂皮瓣修复指端（腹）缺损的临床应用及疗效。方法2009年1月至2012年12月我们对46例小儿指端（腹）缺损的患儿应用同指顺行指动脉神经蒂皮瓣进行修复,其中25例切取时保留甲床神经分支。46例中,指端缺损24例,指腹缺损22例,皮肤缺损面积0．5 cm ×1．0 cm～0．8 cm ×1．0 cm。年龄2～11岁,平均年龄5．8岁。结果皮瓣全部成活,无动静脉危象发生。选择保留和不保留甲床神经分支病例各10例,经1～3年随访,皮瓣外形饱满,色泽、出汗正常,供受区仅有线样瘢痕。16例甲床者指甲发育正常,无甲板分离及勾甲畸形,4例出现轻度甲纵脊或横纹。两点辨别觉正常,精细触觉恢复,手指无活动障碍。结论在严格掌握适应证的前提下,同指顺行指动脉神经蒂皮瓣是修复小儿指端（腹）缺损的良好方法。     

小儿同足趾顺行趾动脉神经蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道小儿同趾顺行趾动脉神经蒂皮瓣的临床应用。方法2008年1月至2013年6月我们对8例拇趾端（腹）缺损的患者应用同足趾顺行趾动脉神经蒂皮瓣进行修复。其中趾端缺损3例,趾腹缺损5例,皮肤缺损面积在1．0cm×1．5cm～1．2cm×1．8cm。年龄为3～12岁,平均年龄5岁。结果皮瓣全部成活,无动、静脉危象发生。经1个月至半年随访,皮瓣外形饱满,色泽、供受区仅有线样瘢痕,趾端感觉正常,无不耐寒及趾端疼痛病例,患儿步态正常。结论同趾顺行趾动脉神经蒂皮瓣是修复小儿拇趾趾端（腹）缺损的良好方法。     

第二掌背动脉远端皮支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的:报道一种以第2掌背动脉远端皮支皮瓣修复示、中指中、近节皮肤缺损的方法.方法:应用第2掌背动脉远端皮支皮瓣治疗示、中指中、近节皮肤缺损12例,皮瓣面积为1.5cm×3.0cm～2.5cm×5.5cm.结果:12例中有11例完全成活,外形满意;1例出现皮瓣远侧部分坏死,经换药后愈合.结论:第2掌背动脉远端皮支皮瓣血供可靠、操作简便,是修复示、中指中、近节皮肤缺损的理想皮瓣之一.