膀胱尿路上皮癌MMP-2表达及其与FAK、p53、bcl-2、Ki-67的关系

目的 比较不同分化和浸润程度膀胱尿路上皮癌MMP—2表达及其与FAK、p53、bcl—2和Ki—67的关系。方法 采用免疫组化EnVision法对83例膀胱尿路上皮癌和68例非肿瘤尿路上皮，进行MMP—2、FAK、p53、bcl—2和Ki—67的表达检测。结果 MMP—2在肿瘤组织中的表达显著高于非肿瘤性移行上皮，其表达强度随肿瘤分化程度降低和浸润深度增加而显著增强。分化差和浸润性膀胱癌中FAK和p53表达增强，并与MMP—2表达呈正相关；分化差膀胱癌中Ki—67表达增强而bcl—2表达丢失，Ki—67与MMP—2表达呈正相关。结论 在膀胱尿路上皮癌的进展和分化过程中，肿瘤分化程度越低，肿瘤细胞分泌MMP—2越多，其浸润和转移的能力也越强。FAK、p53、Ki—67和bcl—2不但与肿瘤细胞的生长密切相关，还可能直接或间接地参与了MMP—2的调控。     

Focal adhesion kinase a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma

The non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is known to play a key role in a variety of normal and cancer cellular functions such as survival, proliferation, migration and invasion. It is highly active and overexpressed in various cancers including Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM). Here, initially, we demonstrate that FAK is overexpressed in both PDAC and MPM cell lines. Then we analyze effects of two small molecule inhibitors PF-573228, and PF-431396, which are dual specificity inhibitors of FAK and proline rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), as well as VS-6063, another small molecule inhibitor that specifically inhibits FAK but not PYK2 for cell growth, motility and invasion of PDAC and MPM cell lines. Treatment with PF-573228, PF-431396 and VS-6063 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of growth and anchorage-independent colony formation in both cancer cell lines. Furthermore, these compounds suppressed the phosphorylation of FAK at its active site, Y397, and functionally induced significant apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in both cell lines. Using the ECIS (Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing) system, we found that treatment of both PF compounds suppressed adherence and migration of PDAC cells on fibronectin. Interestingly, 3D-tumor organoids derived from autochthonous KC (Kras;PdxCre) mice treated with PF-573228 revealed a significant decrease in tumor organoid size and increase in organoid cell death. Taken together, our results show that FAK is an important target for mesothelioma and pancreatic cancer therapy that merit further translational studies.     

The discovery of new and more potent chloropyramine (C4) analogues for the potential treatment of invasive breast cancer

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 25% of all female cancers. Although the survival rate has increased significantly in the past few decades, patients who develop secondary site metastasis as well as those diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer still represent a real unmet medical challenge. Previous studies have shown that chloropyramine ( C4 ) inhibits FAK‐VEGFR3 signalling. More recently, C4 is reported to have SASH1 inducing properties. However, C4 exerts its antitumour and antiangiogenic effects at high micromolar concentrations (>100 μm ) that would not be compatible with further drug development against invasive breast cancer driven by FAK signalling. In this study, molecular modelling guided structural modifications have been introduced to the chloropyramine C4 scaffold to improve its activity in breast cancer cell lines. Seventeen compounds were designed and synthesized, and their antiproliferative activity was evaluated against three human breast cancer lines (MDA‐MB‐231, BT474 and T47D). Compound 5c was identified to display an average activity of IC₅₀ = 23.5–31.3 μm , which represents a significant improvement of C4 activity in the same assay model. Molecular modelling and pharmacokinetic studies provided more promising insights into the mechanistic features of this new series.     

mda-9/Syntenin promotes metastasis in human melanoma cells by activating c-Src

The scaffold PDZ-domain containing protein mda-9/syntenin functions as a positive regulator of cancer cell progression in human melanoma and other tumors. mda-9/Syntenin regulates cell motility and invasion by altering defined biochemical and signaling pathways, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB, but precisely how mda-9/syntenin organizes these multiprotein signaling complexes is not well understood. Using a clinically relevant human melanoma model, we demonstrate that mda-9/syntenin physically interacts with c-Src and this communication correlates with an increase in FAK/c-Src complex formation and c-Src activation. Inhibiting mda-9/syntenin, using an adenovirus expressing antisense mda-9/syntenin or addition of c-Src siRNA, suppresses melanoma cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, and spontaneous tumor cell dissemination in vivo in a human melanoma animal metastasis model. These data are compatible with a model wherein interaction of MDA-9/syntenin with c-Src promotes the formation of an active FAK/c-Src signaling complex, leading to enhanced tumor cell invasion and metastatic spread. These provocative findings highlight mda-9/syntenin and its interacting partners as promising therapeutic targets for intervention of metastasis.     

uPA‐uPAR molecular complex is involved in cell signaling during neuronal migration and neuritogenesis

Background: In the development of the central nervous system (CNS), neuronal migration and neuritogenesis are crucial processes for establishing functional neural circuits. This relies on the regulation exerted by several signaling molecules, which play important roles in axonal growth and guidance. The urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA)—in association with its receptor—triggers extracellular matrix proteolysis and other cellular processes through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Even though the uPA‐uPAR complex is well characterized in nonneuronal systems, little is known about its signaling role during CNS development. Results : In response to uPA, neuronal migration and neuritogenesis are promoted in a dose‐dependent manner. After stimulation, uPAR interacts with α₅‐ and β₁‐integrin subunits, which may constitute an αβ‐heterodimer that acts as a uPA‐uPAR coreceptor favoring the activation of multiple kinases. This interaction may be responsible for the uPA‐promoted phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its relocation toward growth cones, triggering cytoskeletal reorganization which, in turn, induces morphological changes related to neuronal migration and neuritogenesis. Conclusions : uPA has a key role during CNS development. In association with its receptor, it orchestrates both proteolytic and nonproteolytic events that govern the proper formation of neural networks. Developmental Dynamics 243:676–689, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

七氟烷上调糖尿病大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏Src和FAK的表达

目的 观察七氟烷预处理对糖尿病大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤肾功能及肾组织Src和FAK表达的影响。方法 将糖尿病大鼠分为假手术组、I/R组和七氟烷预处理组。给药后喂养24 h,麻醉大鼠并下腔静脉采血,测定血肌酐(creatinine,Cr)和尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN),取肾组织使用免疫组织化学方法测定大鼠肾脏组织中Src和FAK的表达。结果 与假手术组比较,I/R组Cr、BUN明显增高,肾组织Src、FAK表达显著降低(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,七氟烷预处理组血清Cr、BUN明显降低,肾组织Src、FAK表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 七氟烷预处理能改善糖尿病大鼠肾脏I/R损伤肾功能,上调Src、FAK在肾组织中的表达。     

异钩藤碱调节EGFR/FAK信号通路对肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和5-FU耐药性的影响

目的 探讨异钩藤碱调节表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）/局部黏着斑激酶（FAK）信号通路对肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）耐药性的影响。方法 取对数生长期的 HepG2 细胞,分为对照组,异钩藤碱低、中、高浓度（32.5、65.0、130.0 μmol·L^-1）组,异钩藤碱（130 μmol·L^-1）＋EGFR 激活剂 NSC228155（2 μmol·L^-1）组 ;对数生长期的 5-FU 耐药肝癌细胞系 HepG2/5-FU 分为对照组 、异 钩 藤 碱（ 130 μmol · L^-1 ）组 、5-FU（ 60 μmol · L^-1 ）组 、异 钩 藤 碱（ 130 μmol · L^-1）＋5-FU（60 μmol·L^-1）组、异钩藤碱（130 μmol·L^-1）＋5-FU（60 μmol·L^-1）＋NSC228155（2 μmol·L^-1）组。给药处理 24 h,对照组不给药。EdU 染色、CCK-8 检测 HepG2 或 HepG2/5-FU 细胞增殖;划痕实验检测 HepG2 或 HepG2/5-FU 细胞迁移;Westernblotting 检测细胞中细胞周期蛋白 D1（CyclinD1）、迁移侵袭增强子因子 1（MIEN1）、P-糖蛋白（P-gp）、p-EGFR、p-FAK蛋白表达。结果 与对照组相比,异钩藤碱低、中、高浓度组 EdU 阳性率、吸光度（A₄₅₀）值、划痕愈合率、CyclinD1、MIEN1、p-EGFR、p-FAK 蛋白表达显著降低,且呈浓度相关性（P＜0.05）;与异钩藤碱 130.0 μmol·L^-1组相比,异钩藤碱＋NSC228155 组 HepG2 细胞 EdU 阳性率、A₄₅₀ 值、划 痕 愈 合 率 、 CyclinD1、 MIEN1、 p-EGFR、 p-FAK 蛋 白 表 达 显 著 升高（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,5-FU 组 HepG2/5-FU 细胞 EdU 阳性率、A₄₅₀值、划痕愈合率、P-gp、p-EGFR、p-FAK 蛋白表达显著降低（P＜0.05）;与异钩藤碱组、5-FU 组相比,异钩藤碱＋5-FU 组 HepG2/5-FU 细胞 EdU 阳性率、A₄₅₀值、划痕愈合率、P-gp、p-EGFR、p-FAK 蛋白表达降低（P＜0.05）;与异钩藤碱＋5-FU 组相比,异钩藤碱＋5-FU+NSC228155 组 HepG2/5-FU 细胞 EdU 阳性率、A₄₅₀值、划痕愈合率、P-gp、p-EGFR、p-FAK 蛋白显著上调（P＜0.05）。结论 异钩藤碱抑制 HepG2细胞增殖、迁移及降低 5-FU 耐药性的机制可能与阻断 EGFR/FAK 通路有关。     

Phospho-Aspirin (MDC-22) inhibits pancreatic cancer growth in patient-derived tumor xenografts and KPC mice by targeting EGFR: Enhanced efficacy in combination with irinotecan

Novel therapeutic strategies are needed in the fight against pancreatic cancer. We have previously documented the chemopreventive effect of MDC-22 in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. In the present work, we examined the therapeutic effects of MDC-22 in patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs) and in LSL-Kras^G12D/+, LSL-Trp53^R172H/+, Pdx1-Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mice, two complementary and clinically relevant animal models of pancreatic cancer. In addition, we evaluated whether MDC-22 could synergize with current chemotherapeutic drugs used in the clinic. MDC-22 reduced the growth of various human pancreatic cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, MDC-22 strongly reduced patient-derived pancreatic tumor xenograft growth by 50%, and extended survival of LSL-Kras^G12D/+; LSL-Trp53^R172H/+; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mice by over a month (5.3 months versus 7.0 months). In both models, MDC-22 inhibited EGFR activation and its downstream signals, including ERK and FAK phosphorylation. In human pancreatic cancer cell lines, MDC-22 enhanced the growth inhibitory effect of irinotecan, and to a lesser degree those of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel. Normal human pancreatic epithelial cells were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of, both, MDC-22 alone or in combination with irinotecan, indicating selectivity. Furthermore, MDC-22 enhanced irinotecan''s effect on cell migration, in part, by inhibiting EGFR/FAK signaling. Collectively, our results indicate that MDC-22 is an effective anticancer drug in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer, and suggest that MDC-22 plus irinotecan as drug combination strategy for pancreatic cancer treatment, which warrants further evaluation.     

鬼臼乙叉甙对SHG-44胶质瘤细胞表达β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶Ⅴ后粘附相关分子表达的影响

目的　研究人脑星形胶质细胞瘤SHG 4 4细胞表达 (β 1,4 半乳糖基转移酶Ⅴ (beta 1,4 galactosyltransferaseⅤ ,β 1,4 GalTⅤ )后对化疗药物敏感性的影响 ,分析鬼臼乙叉甙 (VP16 )处理表达 β 1,4 半乳糖基转移酶Ⅴ的SHG 4 4细胞后其细胞粘附作用相关因子水平的变化。方法　用 12 0 μmol/L的VP16处理转染了正义、反义 β 1,4 GalTⅤ和空载体的SHG 4 4细胞 2 4h后 ,采用westernblot检测整合蛋白 β1表达变化及局部粘着斑激酶 (focaladhesionkinase,FAK)的蛋白水平和FAK的酪氨酸磷酸化水平。结果　在未经VP16处理的 3株SHG 4 4细胞中 ,FAK的蛋白水平没有明显改变 ,而整合蛋白 β1的蛋白表达在转正义 β 1,4 GalTⅤ的细胞中最高 ;经VP16处理后 ,SHG 4 4细胞中整合蛋白β1的表达水平增高 ,FAK及其磷酸化水平下降。但整合蛋白β1,FAK及其磷酸化水平随细胞中 β 1,4 GalTⅤ表达水平不同而变化。 结论　VP16处理对表达不同水平的β 1,4 GalT Ⅴ的SHG 4 4胶质瘤细胞的粘附影响有所不同 ,提示胶质瘤表达 β 1,4 GalTⅤ不仅与肿瘤的恶性行为有关 ,而且与肿瘤的化疗敏感性有关。