Lymph Node Dissection Impact on Staging and Survival of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas,Based on U.S. Population Data

Cholangiocarcinomas (CC) frequently demonstrate lymphatic spread. We investigated lymph node (LN) counts after resection of extrahepatic CC and survival based on the SEER 1973–2004 database. Out of 20,068 CC patients, 1,518 individuals were selected based on M0 stage and at least one LN examined. Primary cancer sites included gallbladder (29%), extrahepatic bile ducts (26%), and intrapancreatic/ampullary bile ducts (45%); 42% of patients were LN-positive. The median number of LNs examined was four (range 1–39). Median survival was 37 months for LN-negative and 16 months for LN-positive cancers. Multivariate prognostic variables were the number of positive LNs, primary site, age (all at p < 0.0001), gender (p = 0.002), size (p = 0.005), T category (p = 0.009), and total LN count (or number of negative LNs obtained, p = 0.01). The impact of total LN counts was seen in LN-negative (median survival, 1 vs 10 or more LNs examined: 27 vs 51 months, p = 0.002) and LN-positive disease (10 vs 22 months, p < 0.0001). Survival prediction of extrahepatic CCs is strongly influenced by total LN counts and numbers of negative LNs obtained. Although the resulting incremental benefit is small, dissection and examination of 10 or more LNs should be considered for curative intent resections.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声内镜检查胆总管必要性的探讨

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）术前超声内镜（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）检查胆总管的临床价值。方法 对25例术前经腹超声检查诊断胆囊结石,胆总管内径〉0.7 cm可疑胆总管梗阻的患者进行EUS检查,并与手术结果或内镜十二指肠乳头切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）取石结果进行比较。结果 EUS对于胆总管病变诊断的敏感性、准确性和阴性预测值[100%（17/17）、92%（23/25）、100%（6/6）]均优于经腹超声[35%（6/17）、56%（14/25）、42%（8/19）]（P=0.000,0.008,0.020）。结论EUS对胆总管病变诊断优于经腹超声检查,可作为术前常规检查,特别是当胆总管内径〉1.0 cm时,EUS应作为术前必检项目。     

Geographic Clustering Patterns in Mortality from Biliary Tract Cancer in Japan

We calculated the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of biliary tract cancer (BTC) in Japan from 1981 to 1990 and statistically analyzed the results according to 333 Secondary Areas of Medical Care, as well as sex and subsite [gallbladder cancer (GBC) and extrahepatic bile duct cancer (BDC)], in order to examine geographic clustering patterns of BTC. In GBC in both sexes, the Secondary Areas of Medical Care with high SMRs were clustered in the eastern part of Japan. In BDC in both sexes, the Areas with high SMRs were clustered between the northern and eastern parts of Japan. In comparison with GBC, this clustering favored the northern part of Japan. In males, the clustering pattern in mortality from BTC was mainly due to the occurrence of BDC. In females, the clustering pattern in mortality from BTC reflected that of GBC. The clustering of BTC, especially GBC, seems to be related to the distribution of plains, basins, and rivers.     

老年人肝外阻塞性黄疸外科治疗的变化特点

目的总结老年人阻塞性黄疸外科治疗30年来的变化特点。方法收集我院1971年1月至2000年12月经外科治疗的该方面的病历共181例进行总结分析,并将其分为1985年之前及1986年之后两个时期,从中了解其病因及治疗预后等变化,并与同期经手术治疗但无黄疸的胆道疾病的老年人225例作一临床比较,从中了解两者的治疗预后情况。结果(1)病因变化特点细菌感染下降((P<001),恶性肿瘤上升(P<001);结石及病死率均无下降(P>005)。(2)与无黄疸组的比较特点胆囊肿大、恶性肿瘤及病死率均明显比例高(P<001)。结论随着社会的发展,恶性肿瘤已成为老年人阻塞性黄疸的重要原因,其手术死亡率较高,故如何合理治疗及降低其死亡率,仍是当前不容忽视的问题。     

医源性胆管损伤诊治分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因、治疗及预防。方法回顾分析23例医源性胆管损伤。结果医源性胆管损伤多发生于胆囊切除术，胆道解剖异常、局部病理因素、术中出血及麻醉欠佳、患者体型等为其客观因素；而本组人为因素非常明显，损伤与过分自信、草率，盲目追求小切口、高速度有关。不同类型的胆管损伤应采取不同方法及早处理；术中发现者，可行裂口修补或端端吻合、T管支撑引流术，强调置管时间不少于6个月。对胆漏先行胆道及腹腔引流术，3个月后再作胆道重建术，手术方法以胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合最为理想。术后黄疸病例行胆管空肠Roux—cn—Y吻合术，疗效佳。结论提高医生对胆管损伤的警觉性，术中解剖清楚，是预防医源性胆管损伤的关键。     

Gall Bladder Carcinoma with Ampullary Carcinoma: A Rare Case of Double Malignancy

Simultaneous double cancers in the biliary system are rare. Most are associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM). However, it can occur in patients without PBM. Differentiation between these events is important since these two mechanistic origins imply different stages of disease, as well as different subsequent treatments and prognoses. Herein, we report a case of ampullary carcinoma associated with gall bladder carcinoma diagnosed nonoperatively and palliated with biliary metal stenting.     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化-自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征的临床病理特征及肝外自身免疫性疾病和恶性肿瘤的发生情况

目的 总结分析原发性胆汁性肝硬化[自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征(PBC-AIH OS)患者的临床病理特征、伴发肝外自身免疫性疾病和恶性肿瘤的情况以及腹腔淋巴结肿大的情况.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2012年1月49例PBC-AIH OS患者的一般情况和临床表现、生物化学指标、免疫学指标、肝组织病理学特点、肝外自身免疫性疾病(AID)和恶性肿瘤的发生情况、影像学检查结果、疗效.结果 49例PBC-AIH OS患者中51～60岁年龄段的患者占59.2％(29/49),平均发病年龄为(57.2±8.9)岁,女性占83.7％(41/49).初次就诊的主要症状中黄疸和皮肤瘙痒占42.9％(21/49).49例患者血清ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、TBil水平均升高.31例接受IgA、IgG、IgM水平检测的患者中58.1％(18/31)的患者IgM水平升高,61.3％(19/31)的患者IgG水平升高.98.0％(48/49)的患者抗核抗体阳性,6.1％(3/49)的患者SMA阳性,89.8％(44/49)的患者抗线粒体抗体(AMA)和(或)AMA M2阳性.所有患者皆存在界面性肝炎.同时具有AIH病理表现和PBC病理表现者占49.0％(24/49).49例患者经熊去氧胆酸联合免疫抑制剂治疗后病情缓解、不完全应答、治疗失败者分别占65.3％(32/49)、26.5％(13/49)、8.2％(4/49).病情缓解患者中停药6例,其中复发5例.49例患者中合并肝外AID者占40.8％(20/49),其中干燥综合征、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、间质性肺炎、系统性红斑狼疮、银屑病、结节病、膜性肾小球肾病分别占16.3％(8/49)、12.2％(6/49)、4.1％(2/49)、2.0％(1/49)、2.0％(1/49)、2.0％(1/49)、2.0％(1/49).49例患者中发生恶性肿瘤者占14.3％(7/49),其中子宫内膜癌、乳腺癌、甲状腺癌、淋巴瘤分别占4.1％(2/49)、4.1％(2/49)、4.1％(2/49)、2.0％(1/49).49例患者中腹部超声检查显示存在异常者占93.9％(46/49),91.8％(45/49)的患者存在腹腔和腹膜后淋巴结肿大.结论 评估PBC AIH OS患者时或应筛查可能伴发的自身免疫性疾病和恶性肿瘤.影像学检查存在腹腔淋巴结肿大可能对PBC-AIHOS的诊断有指导意义.