Improvement of Risk Prediction After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement by Combining Frailty With Conventional Risk Scores

Objectives

This study sought to evaluate whether frailty improves mortality prediction in combination with the conventional scores.

Survival of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Compared With Surgical and Conservative Treatment in High-Surgical-Risk Patients

ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to compare survival between transcatheter mitral valve (MV) repair using MitraClip system (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, California), MV-surgery, and conservative treatment in high-surgical-risk patients symptomatic with severe mitral valve regurgitation (MR).BackgroundUp to 50% of patients with symptomatic severe MR are denied for surgery due to high perioperative risk. Transcatheter MV repair might be an alternative.MethodsConsecutive patients (n = 139) treated with transcatheter MV repair were included. Comparator surgically (n = 53) and conservatively (n = 59) treated patients were identified retrospectively. Surgical risk was based on the logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (log EuroSCORE) or the presence of relevant risk factors, as judged by the heart team.ResultsThe log EuroSCORE was higher in the transcatheter MV repair group (23.9 ± 16.1%) than in the surgically (14.2 ± 8.9%) and conservatively (18.7 ± 13.2%, p < 0.0001) treated patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in surgical patients (43.9 ± 14.4%, p = 0.003), with similar values for the transcatheter MV repair (36.8 ± 15.3%) and conservatively treated (34.5 ± 16.5%) groups. After 1 year of follow-up, the transcatheter MV repair and surgery groups showed similar survival rates (85.8% and 85.2%, respectively), whereas 67.7% of conservatively treated patients survived. The same trend was observed after the second and third years. After weighting for propensity score and controlling for risk factors, both the transcatheter MV repair (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22 to 0.78, p = 0.006) and surgical (HR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.88, p = 0.014) groups showed better survival than the conservatively treated group. The transcatheter MV repair and surgical groups did not differ (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.72 to 2.16, p = 0.430).ConclusionsDespite a higher log EuroSCORE, high-surgical-risk patients with symptomatic severe MR treated with transcatheter MV repair show similar survival rates compared with surgically treated patients, with both displaying survival benefit compared with conservative treatment.     

The combined association of depression and socioeconomic status with length of post-operative hospital stay following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Data from a prospective cohort study

Objective

To understand the association between pre-operative depression symptoms, including cognitive and somatic symptom subtypes, and length of post-operative stay in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and the role of socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods

We measured depression symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and household income in the month prior to surgery in 310 participants undergoing elective, first-time, CABG. Participants were followed-up post-operatively to assess the length of their hospital stay.

Results

We showed that greater pre-operative depression symptoms on the BDI were associated with a longer hospital stay (hazard ratio = 0.978, 95% CI 0.957–0.999, p = .043) even after controlling for covariates, with the effect being observed for cognitive symptoms of depression but not somatic symptoms. Lower SES augmented the negative effect of depression on length of stay.

Conclusions

Depression symptoms interact with socioeconomic position to affect recovery following cardiac surgery and further work is needed in order to understand the pathways of this association.     

临床-解剖复合分级系统对CABG近期预后的预测效能分析

摘要：目的　建立临床-解剖复合分级系统,评价欧洲心脏手术风险评分系统（EuroSCORE）Ⅱ和SYNTAX评分系统对预测冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）后病死率是否存在复合作用。方法　回顾性分析行CABG患者的围术期资料。利用EuroSCOREⅡ和SYNTAX评分分别对患者进行风险分级,并根据两种系统分级情况交叉排列,风险分级重新分布,构建临床-解剖复合分级系统。评价该系统的精确度和校准力,并与EuroSCOREⅡ及SYNTAX积分进行比较。结果　1 301例患者院内实际病死率为1.54%（20/1 301）。EuroSCORE不同亚组除术前不稳定型心绞痛和SYNTAX积分差异无统计学意义外,其他变量差异均有统计学意义;SYNTAX积分不同亚组只有年龄、不稳定型心绞痛和30 d死亡的差异有统计学意义;复合分级系统组间比较除不稳定型心绞痛、心功能分级（NYHA分级）及外周动脉疾病外,其他变量差异均有统计学意义。H-L拟合优度检验提示EuroSCOREⅡ、SYNTAX积分及复合分级系统拟合度尚可,ROC曲线分析提示复合分级系统分辨力最佳（AUC=0.862）,EuroSCOREⅡ和SYNTAX积分的AUC分别为0.849和0.732（P＜0.01）。复合分级系统提高了术后30 d死亡的预测能力,与EuroSCOREⅡ相比,净重新分类指数（NRI）=14.05%,Z=7.205,P＜0.01;与SYNTAX比较,NRI=37.85%,Z=4.240,P＜0.01。结论　EuroSCOREⅡ与SYNTAX积分的复合分级系统可以提高单一类型评分系统对CABG近期病死率的预测能力。     

Risk factors and outcome in European cardiac surgery: analysis of the EuroSCORE multinational database of 19030 patients

Objective: To assess risk factors for mortality in cardiac surgical adult patients as part of a study to develop a European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE). Methods: From September to November 1995, information on risk factors and mortality was collected for 19030 consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass in 128 surgical centres in eight European states. Data were collected for 68 preoperative and 29 operative risk factors proven or believed to influence hospital mortality. The relationship between risk factors and outcome was assessed by univariate and logistic regression analysis. Results: Mean age (± standard deviation) was 62.5±10.7 (range 17–94 years) and 28% were female. Mean body mass index was 26.3±3.9. The incidence of common risk factors was as follows: hypertension 43.6%, diabetes 16.7%, extracardiac arteriopathy 2.9%, chronic renal failure 3.5%, chronic pulmonary disease 3.9%, previous cardiac surgery 7.3% and impaired left ventricular function 31.4%. Isolated coronary surgery accounted for 63.6% of all procedures, and 29.8% of patients had valve operations. Overall hospital mortality was 4.8%. Coronary surgery mortality was 3.4% In the absence of any identifiable risk factors, mortality was 0.4% for coronary surgery, 1% for mitral valve surgery, 1.1% for aortic valve surgery and 0% for atrial septal defect repair. The following risk factors were associated with increased mortality: age (P=0.001), female gender (P=0.001), serum creatinine (P=0.001), extracardiac arteriopathy (P=0.001), chronic airway disease (P=0.006), severe neurological dysfunction (P=0.001), previous cardiac surgery (P=0.001), recent myocardial infarction (P=0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction (P=0.001), chronic congestive cardiac failure (P=0.001), pulmonary hypertension (P=0.001), active endocarditis (P=0.001), unstable angina (P=0.001), procedure urgency (P=0.001), critical preoperative condition (P=0.001) ventricular septal rupture (P=0.002), non-coronary surgery (P=0.001), thoracic aortic surgery (P=0.001). Conclusion: A number of risk factors contribute to cardiac surgical mortality in Europe. This information can be used to develop a risk stratification system for the prediction of hospital mortality and the assessment of quality of care.     

A pragmatic approach for mortality prediction after surgery in infective endocarditis: optimizing and refining EuroSCORE

ObjectiveTo simplify and optimize the ability of EuroSCORE I and II to predict early mortality after surgery for infective endocarditis (IE).MethodsMulticentre retrospective study (n = 775). Simplified scores, eliminating irrelevant variables, and new specific scores, adding specific IE variables, were created. The performance of the original, recalibrated and specific EuroSCOREs was assessed by Brier score, C-statistic and calibration plot in bootstrap samples. The Net Reclassification Index was quantified.ResultsRecalibrated scores including age, previous cardiac surgery, critical preoperative state, New York Heart Association >I, and emergent surgery (EuroSCORE I and II); renal failure and pulmonary hypertension (EuroSCORE I); and urgent surgery (EuroSCORE II) performed better than the original EuroSCOREs (Brier original and recalibrated: EuroSCORE I: 0.1770 and 0.1667; EuroSCORE II: 0.2307 and 0.1680). Performance improved with the addition of fistula, staphylococci and mitral location (EuroSCORE I and II) (Brier specific: EuroSCORE I 0.1587, EuroSCORE II 0.1592). Discrimination improved in specific models (C-statistic original, recalibrated and specific: EuroSCORE I: 0.7340, 0.7471 and 0.7728; EuroSCORE II: 0.7442, 0.7423 and 0.7700). Calibration improved in both EuroSCORE I models (intercept 0.295, slope 0.829 (original); intercept –0.094, slope 0.888 (recalibrated); intercept –0.059, slope 0.925 (specific)) but only in specific EuroSCORE II model (intercept 2.554, slope 1.114 (original); intercept –0.260, slope 0.703 (recalibrated); intercept –0.053, slope 0.930 (specific)). Net Reclassification Index was 5.1% and 20.3% for the specific EuroSCORE I and II.ConclusionsThe use of simplified EuroSCORE I and EuroSCORE II models in IE with the addition of specific variables may lead to simpler and more accurate models.