黏膜瓣式食管胃吻合术抗反流的食管动力学研究

目的寻找一种实用有效的抗反流食管胃吻合术式。方法将食管癌和贲门癌患者464例随机分为黏膜瓣式食管胃吻合术组(A组,175例)、器械食管胃吻合术组(B组,151例)和单纯手工缝合食管胃一层吻合术组(C组,138例)。应用同位素测定胃食管反流指数和24h监测pH值,进行3组间的食管运动功能比较。结果同位素测定胃食管反流指数显示,A组反流阳性率为0,B组为33.3%,C组为6.7%。食管运动功能及24h监测pH显示,A组检测各项指标均接近正常值,B、C组与正常值比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论黏膜瓣式食管胃吻合术式具有优异的抗反流功能,并能有效地防止食管癌、贲门癌术后反流性食管炎的发生。     

Optimization of uretero-intestinal anastomosis in urinary diversion: an experimental study in dogs

Summary A new antireflux uretero-ileal reimplantation technique suitable for use with bladder substitutes is presented. This procedure entails creation of a serouslined extramural tunnel. Following detubularization of the bowel segment, the adjacent flaps are approximated by continuous 4/0 non-absorbable sutures 1.5 cm from the cut edges. The ureters are laid in the trough thus fashioned. Button-holes are created in the bowel flaps and a mucosa-to-mucosa uretero-ileal anastomosis is carried out. The mucosal edges of the flaps are then approximated by one layer of continuous 4/0 (PGA) suture resulting in closure of this artificial tunnel. The feasibility and functional outcome of this technique were experimentally investigated in 8 dogs. Follow-up was carried out up to 30 weeks. Assessment by intravenous urography and ascending studies showed that the procedure is an efficient method of providing an unobstructed unidirectional flow of urine.     

Endoscopic anti-reflux therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease has an increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. A significant proportion of patients have a suboptimal response to proton pump inhibitors or are unwilling to take lifelong medication due to concerns about long-term adverse effects. Endoscopic anti-reflux therapies offer a minimally invasive option for patients unwilling to undergo surgical treatment or take lifelong medication. The best candidates are those with a good response to proton pump inhibitors and without a significant sliding hiatal hernia. Transoral incisionless fundoplication and nonablative radiofrequency are the techniques with the largest body of evidence and that have been tested in several randomized clinical trials. Band-assisted ligation techniques, anti-reflux mucosectomy, anti-reflux mucosal ablation, and new plication devices have yielded promising results in recent noncontrolled studies. Nonetheless, the role of endoscopic procedures remains controversial due to limited long-term and comparative data, and no consensus exists in current clinical guidelines. This review provides an updated summary focused on the patient selection, technical details, clinical success, and safety of current and future endoscopic anti-reflux techniques.     

食管裂孔疝抗反流术保留迷走神经对术后复发风险影响的Meta分析

目的分析比较食管裂孔疝抗反流手术中迷走神经切断与保留对减少术后复发风险的影响。 方法检索Pubmed、Web of Science、Embase、ScienceDirect、ovid、CNKI数据库,检索建库至2019年9月,有关食管裂孔疝术中切断迷走神与保留迷走神经的临床研究,进行文献筛选、资料提取及质量评估,使用Cochrane5.1.0系统评价手册进行Meta分析。根据Cochrane循证医学指南的建议,二分类数据（食管裂孔疝复发与否）表示为比值比（odds ratio,OR）和95%可信区间。合并效应量的统计推断采用Z检验,以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义。纳入研究结果间的异质性统计推断采用Q检验计算I²,如果I²＜50%,并且P＞0.1,则说明合并不存在异质性,采用固定效应模型进行合并,反之则用随机效应模型进行合并。明显的临床异质性采用亚组分析或敏感性分析等方法进行处理。 结果共纳入11项回顾性对照研究,根据术后食管裂孔疝复发的诊断方式将各研究分为解剖复发组和临床复发组。解剖复发组中,迷走神经切断430例,迷走神经保留383例;迷走神经切断复发风险大于迷走神经保留组（P＜0.05）,相对危险度为1.96,95%可信区间（CI）=1.45~2.64。临床复发组中,迷走神经切断337例,迷走神经保留420例;迷走神经切断复发风险大于迷走神经保留（P＜0.05）。合并组分析显示,迷走神经切断术后复发风险大于迷走神经保留,相对危险度为1.78,95%可信区间（CI）=1.42~2.24,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论抗反流术中保留迷走神经对减少食管裂孔疝术后复发可能具有积极意义,还需进一步临床试验进行验证。     

内镜下抗反流黏膜切除术和贲门缩窄术治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效对比

目的 对比内镜下抗反流黏膜切除术（anti-reflux mucosectomy,ARMS）和贲门缩窄术（endoscopic cardial constriction ligation,ECCL）治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年12月—2018年8月在郑州大学第一附属医院行ARMS或ECCL治疗,并定期随访的48例胃食管反流病患者病例资料,其中20例行ARMS（ARMS组）,28例行ECCL（ECCL组）,比较两种术式短期及长期临床疗效。结果 两种术式的操作成功率均为100.0%,ECCL组手术时间明显短于ARMS组[（8.43±1.59）min比（34.05±12.35）min,t=－9.227,P＜0.001]。术后2个月随访,ECCL组和ARMS组症状改善有效率分别为89.3%（25/28）和60.0%（12/20）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.128,P=0.042）,ECCL组GERD Q评分低于ARMS组[（6.24±1.22）分比（7.35±1.79）分,t=-2.400,P＝0.023]。术后1年随访,两组症状改善有效率、GERD Q评分,以及DeMeester评分和pH＜4时间百分比差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 ARMS和ECCL治疗胃食管反流病的长期临床疗效相当,但ECCL短期疗效更具优势。     

腹腔镜抗反流手术对胃食管反流病主观症状的影响因素分析

目的分析腹腔镜胃底折叠术和食管裂孔疝修补术治疗胃食管反流病（GERD）主观症状改善的因素分析。 方法回顾分析2011年1月至2019年12月于上海长征医院甲乳疝外科接受腹腔镜下抗反流手术92例患者的临床资料。胃底折叠术包括Nissen患者54例和Toupet患者38例。随访108个月,所有患者均通过电话随访,内容包括反流症状（反酸、胃灼热）的改善,术后并发症、满意度等。并以反流和胃灼热症状的复发作为评判抗反流术后疗效的标准。通过χ²检验单因素分析和Logistic回归多因素分析,分析了性别、年龄（60岁为界）、质子泵抑制剂（PPI）使用时间（30和60个月为界）、PPI反应性（良好/不佳）、裂孔疝复发、手术方式（Nissen/Toupet）以及是否应用补片等因素对于GERD相关症状的影响。 结果所有手术均顺利完成,末次随访时共有11例出现反流复发和21例胃灼热复发,其中12例患者自觉食管炎症状（反流、胃灼热）无缓解,手术总满意率为81.52%。末次随访时共有16例存在不同程度的吞咽困难,Niseen组10例,Toupet组6例。反流复发的单因素分析结果表明性别、年龄、手术方式、术前PPI使用时间以及PPI反应性与反流复发无相关性（P>0.05）,裂孔疝复发和是否应用补片是术后反流复发的影响因素（P<0.05）,多因素分析提示裂孔疝复发是术后反流复发的独立影响因素。胃灼热复发的单因素分析结果表明性别、年龄、手术方式、术前PPI使用时间以及应用补片与胃灼热复发无相关性（P>0.05）,但PPI反应性和裂孔疝复发是术后胃灼热复发的影响因素（P<0.05）,多因素分析表明PPI反应性是术后胃灼热复发的独立影响因素。 结论腹腔镜抗反流手术（胃底折叠术和食管裂孔疝修补术）治疗GERD是安全有效的,对于术前PPI反应性较差的患者,手术指征应更加慎重。     

抗反流治疗对胃食管反流病并咳嗽变异性哮喘的应用价值

目的探讨抗反流治疗对胃食管反流病并咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床应用价值。方法收集本院呼吸内科门诊胃食管反流合并咳嗽变异性哮喘患者50例,将其随机分为治疗组与对照组,对照组予布地奈德气雾剂0.2 mg,3次/d吸入,氨茶碱0.1 g,3次/d口服;治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上,加用莫沙必利5 mg,3次/d,泮托拉唑40 mg,1次/d口服。对两组患者夜间咳嗽、白天咳嗽行视觉模拟评分。结果治疗组治疗前、治疗4周后、治疗8周后的白天视觉模拟评分分别为（7.0±3.4）、（3.7±3.3）、（1.4±1.5）分,治疗4、8周后较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;对照组治疗前、治疗4周后、治疗8周后的白天视觉模拟评分分别为（6.9±3.6）、（5.1±3.4）、（2.8±1.9）分,治疗8周后较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。治疗组治疗前、治疗4周后、治疗8周后夜间视觉模拟评分分别为（5.1±2.9）、（3.2±2.6）、（1.2±1.6）分,治疗4、8周较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;对照组治疗前、治疗4周后、治疗8周后的夜间视觉模拟评分分别为（5.2±3.1）、（3.7±3.0）、（2.6±2.2）分,治疗8周较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。治疗组治疗8周后白天及夜间视觉模拟评分均较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。治疗组治疗第4、8周嗳气、烧灼感较治疗前缓解率分别为61.5%（16/26）、88.5%（23/26）,对照组较治疗前无缓解,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。治疗组及对照组治疗8周后支气管激发试验阴性率分别为46.2%（12/26）、25.0%（6/24）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论咳嗽变异性哮喘应积极寻找消化源性病因,抗反流治疗可以较快降低胃食管反流病并咳嗽变异性哮喘的咳嗽症状评分,减轻烧灼感、嗳气等症状。     

Is mis-swallowing or smoking a cause of respiratory symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Respiratory symptoms were studied in 119 patients operated on for fundoplication and crural repair because of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The effect of antireflux surgery and of smoking habits on their respiratory symptoms was evaluated. A questionnaire was completed before and after surgery in connection with esophageal investigations. Chronic bronchitis was present in 20% of the patients, 38% of whom were smokers. In the rest of the patients, 18% were smokers. Cough was reported by 34% and expectoration by 21%. After surgery the number of patients with cough and chronic bronchitis was reduced significantly in nonsmokers and to some extent in smokers. It is believed that fundoplication with distal anchoring of the longitudinal esophageal muscle will improve pharyngoesophageal function and thereby decrease aspiration and respiratory symptoms due to mis-swallowing.     

Looking Beyond Age and Co-morbidities as Predictors of Outcomes in Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

Introduction  Paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair is a technically challenging operation. These patients are typically older and have more co-morbidities than patients undergoing anti-reflux operations for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and these factors are usually cited as the reason for worse outcomes for PEH patients. Clinically, it would be useful to identify potentially modifiable variables leading to improved outcomes. Methods  We performed a retrospective analysis of a representative sample from 37 states, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database over a 5-year period (2001–2005). Patients undergoing any anti-reflux operation with or without hiatal hernia repair were included, and comparison was made based on primary diagnoses of PEH or GERD. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis codes not associated with reflux disease or diaphragmatic hernia, emergency admissions, and age <18. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Two sets of multivariate analyses were performed; one set adjusting for pre-treatment variables (age, gender, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, hospital teaching status, hospital volume of anti-reflux surgery, calendar year) and a second set adjusting further for post-operative complications (splenectomy, esophageal laceration, pneumothorax, hemorrhage, cardiac, pulmonary, and thromboembolic events, (VTE)). Results  Of the 23,458 patients, 6,706 patients had PEH. PEH patients are older (60.4 vs. 49.1, p < 0.001) and have significantly more co-morbidities than GERD patients. On multivariate analysis, adjusting for pre-treatment variables, PEH patients are more likely to die and have significantly worse outcomes than GERD patients. However, further adjustment for pulmonary complications, VTE, and hemorrhage eliminates the mortality difference between PEH and GERD patients, while adjustment for cardiac complications or pneumothorax did not eliminate the difference. Conclusions  While PEH patients have worse post-operative outcomes than GERD patients, we note that differences in mortality are explained by pulmonary complications, VTE, and hemorrhage. The impact of hemorrhagic complications on this group underscores the importance of careful dissection. Additionally, age and co-morbidities alone should not preclude a patient from PEH repair; rather, attention should be focused on peri-operative optimization of pulmonary status and prophylaxis of thromboembolic events.     

Metabolic changes in the lower esophageal sphincter influencing the result of anti-reflux surgical interventions in chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease

AIM: With the availability of a minimally invasive approach, anti-reflux surgery has recently experienced a renaissance as a cost-effective alternative to life-long medical treatment in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We are not aware of the fact whether reflux episodes causing complaints for a long time i.e., at least for one year are associated with metabolic changes in the lower esophageal sphincter, and if so, whether these may influence functional results achieved after anti-reflux surgery. METHODS: Between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2002 we performed anti-reflux surgery on 79 patients. Muscle samples were taken from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 33 patients during anti-reflux surgery. Inclusion criteria were: LES resting pressure below 10 mmHg and a marked, pH proven acid exposure to the esophagus of at least one year's duration, causing subjective complaints and requiring continuous proton pump inhibitor treatment. Control samples were obtained from muscle tissue in the gastroesophageal junction that had been removed from 17 patients undergoing gastric or esophageal resection. Metabolic and lysosomal enzyme activities and special protein concentrations 16 parameters in total were evaluated in tissue taken from control specimens and tissue taken from patients with GERD. The biochemical parameters of these intra-operative biopsies were used to correlate the results of anti-reflux operations (Visick Ⅰ and Ⅱ-Ⅲ). RESULTS: In the reflux-type muscle, we found a significant increase of the energy-enzyme activities e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransaminase-. The concentration of the structural protein S-100 and the myofibrillar protein troponin Ⅰ were also significantly increased. Among lysosomal enzymes, we found that the activities of cathepsin B, tripeptidyl-peptidase Ⅰ, dipeptidyl-peptidase Ⅱ, β-hexosaminidase B, β-mannosidase and β-galactosidase were significantly decreased as compared to the control LES muscles. By analyzing the activity values of the 9 patients in Visick groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ at two months post-surgery, we found a significant increase in the activity of the so-called energy-enzyme values and in the concentration of structural and myofibrillar proteins as compared to the rest of the reflux patients. CONCLUSION: Our results call attention to the metabolic changes that occurred in the LES muscles of reflux patients. The developing hypertrophy-like changes of LES muscles may be a reason for complaints after anti-reflux surgery, which consisted mainly of reports of persisting dysphagia.