大动脉病变的外科手术治疗

目的　探讨大动脉病变的手术治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析 86例大动脉病变外科手术治疗的临床资料。其中胸腹主动脉瘤 3例 ;降主动脉夹层破裂并巨大假性动脉瘤形成椎骨破损 2例 ;腹主动脉局限性夹层破裂并假性动脉瘤形成 2例 ;腹主动脉瘤十二指肠空肠曲瘘并消化道大出血 1例 ;腹主动脉瘤破裂并休克 5例 ,腹主动脉外伤后破裂 3例 ;腹主动脉瘤和 /或并单或双侧髂动脉瘤2 1例 ;髂动脉瘤 6例 ;股动脉瘤 9例 ;髂或股动脉假性动脉瘤 2 1例 ;右锁骨下动脉和椎动脉起始部破裂并巨大假性动脉瘤形成 1例 ;左或右锁骨下动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤形成 3例 ;颈动脉瘤 2例 ,颈动脉假性动脉瘤 7例。行人工血管置换治疗 71例 ,自体静脉修补 3例 ,动脉破口修补术 12例。结果　术中及术后 3 0d死亡率为 3 .5 % ( 3 /86)。随访 73例 ,随访时间 1个月至 5年 ,除 1例腹主动脉瘤十二指肠瘘患者已死亡外 ,余均生存良好。结论　大动脉病变的外科手术治疗仍然是一种十分有效和经济实用的方法 ,在技巧等方面的改进有利于提高手术的成功率     

胸腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤(Stanford B型)的腔内血管外科治疗

目的 探讨Stanford B型胸腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内治疗的方法。方法 对l2例StanfordB型胸腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果 l2例患者全为男性，年龄40～68岁，平均52．1岁。其中10例患者进行了腔内血管外科治疗，均取得了技术上的成功，术后内漏1例，3d后漏血停止。其余病例术后即时造影示瘘口已被完整覆盖，假腔无血漏入，内脏动脉等恢复真腔供血。2例未行腔内治疗的患者，l例因并发呼衰死亡，l例死于夹层动脉瘤破裂。结论对Stanford B型胸腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤的治疗，如适应证掌握合适，腔内治疗与传统的开胸手术相比，具有操作简单，损伤小，安全度大，并发症少等优点，且可大大缩短患者的住院时间。保守治疗难以控制病情的发展，易导致死亡等严重后果。     

腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘（1例报告并文献复习）

目的 探讨腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘的诊断与治疗方法。方法 对1例因腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘的临床资料结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果 本例为65岁的男性患者,予以施行下腔静脉瘘修补、腹主动脉瘤切除、人工血管腹主动脉、双侧股总动脉移植术术毕,患者腹壁怒张血管消失;术后第4d,患者双下肢、臀部、阴囊水肿消退,下肢血运良好;术后17d痊愈出院。结论 CT增强扫描对腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘有较高的诊断价值。由于腹主动脉瘤破裂可引起致死性的大出血,因此,腹主动脉瘤一经诊断,如无特殊情况,应及时施行手术或介入治疗。     

肾动脉平面以上主动脉瘤的治疗

目的　探讨肾动脉平面以上主动脉瘤 (AAARA)的治疗经验。方法　回顾性分析12 0例AAARA的临床资料。结果　夹层动脉瘤 84例 ,真性动脉瘤 2 7例 ,假性动脉瘤 9例。病变累及全程主动脉者 12例 ,主动脉弓 9例 ,胸降主动脉 2 0例 ,降胸至腹主动脉分叉部或以下 43例 ,胸腹主动脉 2 5例 ,涉及内脏动脉 11例。施行手术或支架型人工血管微创治疗74例。术中至术后 30d内死亡 11例 (14 9% )。术后并发症 9例 ,无截瘫、偏瘫或卒中发生。 16例腔内治疗病人中无严重并发症或死亡者。随访 48例 ,随访时间 1个月～ 15年 ,5例死亡 (10 4% )。保守治疗 46例中 ,44 1%死于瘤体破裂或其它严重并发症。结论　AAARA开胸手术仍存在着很大风险 ,而多种多样的支架型人工血管腔内置放和腔内开窗治疗有着良好前景 ,腔内血管外科技术将成为治疗AAARA的主流。     

Long-term effect of bilateral ovariectomy on endothelial function in aortic rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of nitric oxide

Endothelial dysfunction associated with both menopause and hypertension could be one of the possible explanations for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive postmenopausal women. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effect of menopause (bilateral ovariectomy) on endothelial function in isolated aortic rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Aortic rings were suspended in organ chambers filled with physiological salt solution (95% O₂ ,5% CO₂ ,37°C) ,and isometric tension was measured. In studies designed to assess the tone-related release of nitric oxide (NO) from phenylephrine-precontracted aortic rings ,we found that vasoconstriction induced by L-NAME was greater in aortic rings from sham-ovariectomized SHR (SHAM SHR) than in those obtained from ovariectomized SHR (OVX SHR). Concentration-related relaxant responses to superoxide dismutase were significantly greater in the SHAM SHR than in the OVX SHR. In contrast ,receptor-mediated release of NO was not altered by ovariectomy ,as deduced from acetylcholine (ACh) concentration-responses curves. Responses to the exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were also identical in both ovariectomized and sham-ovariectomized groups ,ruling out differences in smooth muscle reactivity to NO. These results show that NO release is impaired in OVX SHR ,an animal model of simultaneous hypertension and menopause.     

支架型人工血管治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的　探讨支架型人工血管治疗胸主动脉和腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤的作用。方法　采用由不锈钢“Z”形支架和超薄绦纶组成的支架型人工血管治疗5 例胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤和1 例腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤。其中4 例已累及肾下主动脉, 且有明显肾功能损害。6 例均经CT 和动脉造影证实。在X 线监视下,经右股动脉切开, 将1 ～2 枚支架型人工血管置入。有1 例因进入困难,改用左侧股动脉进路。结果　术后造影和CT 均表明破口被成功封闭,假腔内血栓形成。本组未发生任何并发症。随访1 ～7 个月,有2 例高血压者,血压明显下降,2 例血尿治愈,2 例血尿减轻。结论　支架型人工血管治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤明显简化了手术,减小了手术风险,其方法可行     

主动脉瓣关闭不全法建立新西兰兔心衰模型的实验研究

目的:通过介入法破坏兔的主动脉瓣膜,研究主动脉瓣关闭不全诱导的新西兰兔容量超负荷型心衰模型的制作方法。方法：运用导管术造成新西兰兔主动脉瓣膜关闭不全,制作超容量负荷型心衰模型。造模前后分别检测SBP、DBP、LVSP、LVDP、LV dp/dt、LV眃p/dt,以LV眃p/dtmax下降40%以上,LVEDP上升40%以上,或LV眃p/ dtmax下降达不到40%时,DBP下降40%以上为心衰成功标准。观察动物的毛色、精神状态、活动情况、饲料消耗指数、体重增加指数、呼吸频率等指标对该模型进行评价;检测血清SOD活力和MDA含量,判断模型组动物机体抗氧化能力;利用酶联免疫法检测血清中cAMP、cGMP的变化情况;利用基因芯片技术分析该模型基因表达差异。结果：造模后动物SBP、DBP和LVSP血流动力学指标显著性下降,LVDP显著上升LV dp/dt和LV眃p/dt 血流动力学指标明显下降。模型组家兔与正常对照组比较,毛发枯槁,活动减少,进食减少,反应迟钝,精神萎靡,抓起时反抗减轻,造模30d组尤为明显。模型组动物呼吸频率加快,且随造模时间的推移,有加快的趋势;模型组兔血清SOD活性明显低于正常对照组,血清MDA含量明显高于正常对照组;模型组兔血清cAMP明显低于正常对照组,cGMP明显高于正常对照组;利用基因芯片共检测出665个差异基因,与人的基因序列比对,得到16个功能明确的基因,其中与心功能较密切相关的基因主要与离子通道、肌收缩、信号转导等功能有关。结论：采用主动脉瓣关闭不全法建立心衰兔模型方法可靠。主动脉关闭不全,使心脏前负荷增加,造成左心室舒张末期容积增加,导致左心室扩大肥厚及心力衰竭。心肌组织基因芯片检测结果显示,该模型基因表达出现了一定的变化。     

Dysphagia Lusoria: A Complication Following Gastric Bypass Surgery?

A 23-year-old Caucasian female presented with progressive dysphagia beginning 5 months following laparoscopic gastric bypass for morbid obesity. She was diagnosed with an aberrant right subclavian artery and underwent a combined right supraclavicular approach and left thoracotomy for resection, with reimplantation of the vessel to the ipsilateral carotid artery. The patient had complete resolution of symptoms.     

RANKL Inhibition With Denosumab Does Not Influence 3‐Year Progression of Aortic Calcification or Incidence of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis and High Cardiovascular Risk

Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are chronic diseases that progress with age, and studies suggest aortic calcification, an indicator of atherosclerosis, is inversely associated with bone mineral density (BMD). The osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) system has been proposed as a shared regulatory system for bone and vasculature. Denosumab (DMAb), a monoclonal antibody against RANKL, improved BMD and reduced fracture risk in the Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial. We evaluated whether or not treatment with DMAb influenced progression of aortic calcification (AC) and incidence of cardiovascular (CV) adverse events. We included 2363 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (1142 placebo, 1221 DMAb), selected from 7808 participants in the FREEDOM trial (3906 placebo, 3902 DMAb), at high risk of CV events according to modified Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) criteria. CV adverse events were reported by participants. AC scores were assessed using a semiquantitative method from lateral spine X‐rays. Change in AC score from baseline to 12 (n = 1377), 24 (n = 1231), and 36 months (n = 1045) was calculated as AC score at follow‐up minus AC score at baseline. AC progression was defined as change in AC score >0. Baseline characteristics, CV risk factors, and AC scores were similar between treatment groups. Mean age of participants was 74 years (range, 60–90), 88% were white, and 77% had AC score >0 at baseline. Frequency of AC progression over 3 years did not differ between women in placebo (22%) and DMAb (22%) groups (p = 0.98). AC progression did not differ between treatment groups when analyzed by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate or by baseline AC scores. Frequency of CV adverse events did not differ between placebo (40%) and DMAb (38%) groups (p = 0.26). In conclusion, DMAb treatment had no effect on progression of AC or incidence of CV adverse events compared to placebo. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

腹主动脉瘤的腔内治疗（附2例报告）

目的探讨腹主动脉瘤腔内治疗的效果。方法对２例行腔内治疗的腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果２例患者均获得技术上的成功,分别随访２周和１年,经超声检查证实置入的支架型人工血管没有移位且保持通畅。结论在腹主动脉瘤的治疗中,如果病例选择得当,与传统的手术治疗比较,腔内治疗操作简单,创伤小,且可大大缩短病人住院时间。