TSG-6基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达水平的变化

[目的] 探讨TSG-6基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达水平的变化。[方法] 采用细胞培养和RT-PCR技术，检测细胞诱导分化不同时段脂肪细胞中TSG-6基因的表达水平。[结果] ①随着脂肪细胞逐渐分化成熟，TSG-6基因mRNA表达水平逐渐升高；②TSG-6基因表达水平除在细胞分化第0-2d、第3-5d和第7-10d各时段内差异无显著性(P＞0.05)外，其余各时段之间表达水平差异均有显著性(P＜0.05)。[结论] TSG-6基因与细胞分化以及脂原形成可能相关。     

The effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on human orbital preadipocyte

Purpose: To investigate the presence of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) in human orbital preadipocytes, and to evaluate the effect of VEGF on human orbital preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in vitro.Results: Four isoforms of VEGF (VEGF121, 155, 189, and 206), VEGFR-1, VEGF-2, and neuropilin-1 were expressed in human orbital preadipocytes. Treatment with 100 ng/ml VEGF induced higher expressions of C/EBPα and LPL than the non-treated control (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01) or treatment with 50ng/ml (p = 0.04 for both). At both concentrations VEGF enhanced the accumulation of intra-cytoplasmic lipid versus the control, and treatment with 100 ng/ml VEGF induced more lipid accumulation than treatment with 50 ng/ml VEGF (p = 0.03).Conclusions: VEGF and VEGFR were observed in human orbital preadipocytes, and exogenous VEGF enhanced adipogenesis in these cells. These results suggest that VEGF plays a role as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor during human orbital preadipocyte differentiation.     

Terminal Differentiation of Mouse Preadipocyte Cells: The Mitogenic-Adipogenic Role of Growth Hormone is Mediated by the Protein Kinase C Signalling Pathway

Abstract

The role of growth hormone (GH) in the differentiation process of Obi 771 mouse preadipocyte cells has been studied under culture conditions that were serum-free and hormone-supplemented and which were previously shown to lead to terminal differentiation. In the absence of GH, a dramatic decrease in the adipogenic activity of the culture medium could be observed, as indicated 12 days after confluence by the low levels of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the sharp reduction of the number of triacylglycerol-containing cells. This decrease in adipogenic activity was accompanied by a parallel loss of the mitogenic potency of the culture medium. Determination of the half-maximal and maximal concentrations of GH required for the restoration of growth and differentiation were identical, 0.5 and 2 nM, respectively. Despite the presence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to substitute for supraphysiological concentrations of insulin and to saturate IGF-I receptor, GH was still required to induce terminal differentiation of a maximal number of cells. However, protein kinase C activators such as prostaglandin F₂a, phorbol esters and diacylglycerol were able to mimic GH in promoting a maximal mitogenic-adipogenic response, indicating that the ability of GH to induce diacylglycerol production (Doglio et al., 1989; Catalioto et al., 1990) plays a prominent role in this process. Furthermore, in agreement with the fact that the mitoses which precede terminal differentiation of Obi 771 preadipocytes are strictly controlled by cAMP and only modulated by protein kinase C., terminal differentiation of Ob 1771 preadipocytes occured in the absence of GH upon supplementation with high concentrations of carbaprostacyclin, added as a cAMP-elevating agent or with 8-Br-cAMP, added as a cAMP analogue. It is concluded that the control exerted by GH on terminal differentiation of mouse preadipocytes corresponds to a modulating mitogenic effect mediated through protein kinase C activation and leading to a potentiation of the cAMP and IGF-I mitogenic signalling pathways.     

前脂肪细胞与蚕丝支架体外复合培养的实验研究

目的 观察蚕丝对前脂肪细胞吸附作用及蚕丝对前脂肪细胞形态和功能的影响,为脂肪组织工程支架选择提供依据.方法 从家蚕蚕茧中抽丝所得的原料蚕丝,经胰蛋白酶消化后与原料蚕丝分别制成三维支架,将前脂肪细胞制成细胞悬液接种在支架上,倒置显微镜和扫描电镜观察前脂肪细胞的吸附和生长.结果 在消化后的蚕丝三维支架可看见前脂肪细胞1～2 d后完全贴壁.培养3～7 d细胞生长增殖十分活跃,两周时,蚕丝支架网眼充满前脂肪细胞,扫描电镜见细胞与支架紧密贴附适度伸展并有基质分泌.结论 蚕丝对前脂肪细胞具有良好的吸附作用,并能维持前脂肪细胞正常形态和功能,蚕丝是前脂肪细胞立体培养时的天然支架.     

miR-202通过抑制PGC1β表达促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化

目的观察miR-202对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化的影响及可能的机制。方法通过慢病毒感染构建稳定表达AMO-miR-202和乱序对照miRNA细胞系,随后诱导分化。至分化的第9天,油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴的情况;RT-PCR检测过氧化物酶体激活增殖受体γ2(PPARγ2)和a P2的基因表达;Western blot检测PPARγ2、a P2和miR-202靶基因PPARγ辅助活化因子1β(PGC1β)蛋白表达。结果经293T细胞慢病毒包装AMO-miR-202、乱序对照miRNA,荧光显微镜下可见约80%~90%荧光细胞;将上述2组病毒液分别感染3T3-L1前脂肪细胞后,可见约70%~80%荧光细胞。AMO-miR-202组细胞内脂滴及PPARγ2和a P2的mRNA表达显著低于乱序对照组和对照组(P<0.05)。与乱序对照组和对照组相比,AMO-miR-202组PGC1β蛋白表达显著增加(P<0.05),PPARγ2和a P2蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),而乱序对照组和脂肪细胞组上述指标无明显差异。结论 miR-202可能通过抑制PGC1β、提高PPARγ2和a P2的表达促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化。     

吡格列酮对人脂肪细胞中脂联素及其受体mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨噻唑烷二酮类药物吡格列酮对人脂肪细胞中脂联素及其受体mRNA表达的影响。方法:取外科手术患者腹网膜脂肪组织,进行人前体脂肪细胞的原代培养并诱导其分化。适时用不同浓度的吡格列酮进行药物干预,取分化第10d的脂肪细胞用于实验,分设对照组和药物干预组,提取RNA后以RT-PCR方法检测脂联素及其受体的mRNA的表达,比较其差异。结果:吡格列酮药物干预组人脂肪细胞中脂联素及其受体的mRNA的表达量高于不加药物的对照组。结论:噻唑烷二酮类药物吡格列酮能增加人脂肪细胞中脂联素及其受体的mRNA的表达。     

Over-expression of NYGGF4 inhibits glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via attenuated phosphorylation of IRS-1 and Akt

Aim： NYGGF4 is a novel gene that is abundantly expressed in the adipose tissue of obese patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NYGGF4 on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and to understand the underlying mechanisms.
Methods： 3T3-L1 preadipocytes transfected with either an empty expression vector （pcDNA3.1Myc/His B） or an NYGGF4 expression vector were differentiated into mature adipocytes. Glucose uptake was determined by measuring 2-deoxy-D- [^3H]glucose uptake into the adipocytes. Immunoblotting was performed to detect the translocation of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 （GLUT4）. Immunoblotting also was used to measure the phosphorylation and total protein contents of insulin signaling proteins such as the insulin receptor （IR）, insulin receptor substrate （IRS）-I, Akt, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK.
Results： NYGGF4 over-expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and impaired insulinstimulated GLUT4 translocation. It also diminished insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and serine phosphorylation of Akt without affecting the phosphorylation of 1R, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK.
Conclusion： NYGGF4 regulates the functions of IRS-1 and Akt, decreases GLUT4 translocation and reduces glucose uptake in response to insulin. These observations highlight the potential role of NYGGP 4 in glucose homeostasis and possibly in the pathogenesis of obesity.     

胰岛素受体底物1基因沉默对3T3-L1细胞CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ表达的影响

目的研究胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)沉默对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化关键分子CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA及蛋白表达的影响,并观察IRS-1沉默后前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞能力的改变,探讨胰岛素受体底物(IRSs)是否作为C/EBPα、PPARγ的上游调节信号在前脂肪细胞分化中起到重要的调节作用。方法合成4条IRS-1 shRNA,Western blotting筛选出沉默效率最高的1条。3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分为IRS-1沉默组和对照组。IRS-1沉默组细胞用沉默效率最高的IRS-1 shRNA质粒转染3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,沉默细胞中的IRS-1分子;对照组采用无意义IRS-1 shRNA质粒转染3T3-L1前脂肪细胞。转染24 h后诱导其分化成熟,分化72 h后检测促进前脂肪细胞分化的关键分子C/EBPα、PPARγ的表达。继续诱导分化至第7天,油红O染色观察IRS-1沉默后前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞的比例,检测其分化能力的改变。结果与对照组相比,IRS-1沉默组在诱导分化72 h后,Real-time PCR结果显示3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中C/EBPαmRNA、PPARγmRNA表达明显下降(Pa<0.05),Western blotting结果显示C/EBPα、PPARγ蛋白水平也同样显著下降(Pa<0.05);细胞继续分化至第7天,油红O染色显示,IRS-1沉默组前脂肪细胞分化成熟的比例与对照组比较显著降低。结论胰岛素可能通过IRS-1刺激C/EBPα、PPARγ的表达促进前脂肪组织的分化。     

MiR-24对3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化及脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白表达的调节作用

目的探讨microRNAs对脂肪细胞分化过程的调节作用分子机制及其对脂肪特异性基因——脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白(fatty acid binding protein,FABP4)表达的影响。方法用microRNAs微阵列分析法筛选和鉴定3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化相关性microRNAs,构建脂肪细胞分化相关性micro-RNAs的高表达质粒,通过脂质体介导转染3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞,观察脂肪相关性microRNAs对脂肪细胞分化过程的影响,Westernblot和RT-PCR分别检测FABP4蛋白及其mR-NA在脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达变化。结果3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化过程中microRNA表达谱发生明显改变,其中35个microRNAs下调,miR-24最明显;17个microRNAs上调,miR-21最明显;用不同脂肪相关性microRNAs转染3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞并高表达后,发现miR-24明显抑制脂肪细胞的分化与成熟,而miR-21则无影响;miR-24明显抑制FABP4蛋白表达,但对其mRNA无影响,miR-21对FABP4的蛋白和mRNA表达都没有影响。结论3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化过程中存在脂肪细胞分化相关性microRNAs;miR-24脂肪细胞分化过程及其脂肪特异蛋白FABP4表达有重要的调节作用。     

Establishment of the Insulin Resistance Induced by Inflammatory Response in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Cell Line

In the light of given recent reports, insulin resistance related to inflammation is characterized by increasing a diverse array of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, hypothesizing that 3T3-L1 non-differentiated preadipocytes cell line as a cell model could be used to investigate this linkage, the aim is to determine whether the preadipocytes induced by different inflammatory responses could cause insulin resistance. This paper has determined the time and concentration-dependent effects of insulin on glucose consumption in the 3T3-L1 non-differentiated preadipocytes. Glucose consumption has also been assayed in the preadipocytes which are treated with LPS and CM originated from LPS-activated RAW264.7. Then protein level of each group has been measured by coomassie brilliant blue protein kit. Furthermore, secretion levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha are measured by ELISA in the supernatant of RAW264.7 and preadipocytes. Finally, the mRNA expressions for IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPARgamma has been assessed by RT-PCR. The results show that administration of LPS and CM both can increase releases of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, as well as gene expression of IL-6 mRNA; this change is accompanied with suppression of PPARgamma mRNA activation in 3T3-L1 undifferentiated preadipocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that in preadipocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines can result in insulin resistance, and deserve further investigation to be helpful for treatment and revealing mechanisms of T2DM.