中、晚期肝癌并发脾功能亢进的介入治疗

目的 探讨肝癌介入治疗与部分脾动脉栓塞同时进行的疗效。方法 对18倒不能手术切除且经B超或CT确诊，脾肿大并有WBC、PLT明显低于正常的肝癌患者行PSE TACE或经导管肝动脉化疗(TAI)介入治疗，记录治疗前后WBC、PLT、甲胎蛋白(AFP)数值进行分析。结果 栓塞后3天、7天、60天WBC、PLT值明显升高，AFP值明显下降，临床症状明显改善。结论 PSE TAI或TACE治疗肝癌并脾功亢进是一种行之有效的办法。     

Role of the spleen in liver fibrosis in rats may be mediated by transforming growth factor beta-1

BACKGROUND: The effect of the spleen on the cirrhotic liver is unknown. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), which plays a crucial role in the matrix production during liver fibrosis, is an inhibitory factor regarding the regeneration of hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated the TGF-beta 1 production in the spleen of cirrhotic rats and the effects of a splenectomy on the healing process from liver fibrosis. METHODS: Thirty-six Wistar male rats were used. Thioacetamide (TAA) was administered intraperitoneally for 24 weeks. The rats underwent either a sham operation (TAA + Sham) or a splenectomy (TAA + SPL). The improvements in liver fibrosis and liver regeneration were investigated 10, 30 and 60 days after the operations in each group. The effect of a splenectomy on the plasma concentration of TGF-beta 1 in the portal vein was investigated by ELISA. The TGF-beta 1 expressions in the spleen were measured using immunohistochemical staining and the degree of such expression was measured using RT-PCR. The activity of TGF-beta 1 in the portal vein of TAA + Sham and TAA + SPL was assessed by the inhibiting effect of rat parenchymal hepatocyte proliferation in primary culture. RESULTS: Liver regeneration (PCNA-labeling index) in the TAA + SPL rats was stimulated more at 10 and 30 days after the operation (P < 0.05) than in the TAA + Sham rats, and the improvement of liver fibrosis (fibrosis rate) in the TAA + SPL rats was higher at 60 days (P < 0.05) than in the TAA + Sham rats. The plasma concentration of TGF-beta1 of the portal vein in TAA + SPL rats was significantly lower than in the TAA + Sham rats for each period. Immunohistochemically, TGF-beta1-positive stained cells were recognized in the spleen macrophages in the red pulp of cirrhotic rats. The plasma of the TAA + Sham rats at 10 and 30 days after the operation was significantly stronger than that of the TAA + SPL rats in inhibiting the proliferation of rat hepatocytes of primary culture. Inhibitory effects were then dose-dependently neutralized by monoclonal TGF-beta 1 antibody. CONCLUSION: Spleen-derived TGF-beta 1 may thus play an inhibitory role in the healing of liver cirrhosis by inhibiting the regeneration of the damaged liver.     

脾动脉阻断联合射频消融术治疗脾功能亢进的疗效观察

目的：总结脾动脉球囊阻断联合脾脏射频消融术（RFA）治疗肝硬化门静脉高压型脾功能亢进的有效性及经验。方法在脾动脉球囊阻断状态下对15例脾功能亢进患者行经皮穿刺脾脏RFA, RFA平均时间为（46．4±5．4）min。术后3 d、1周、1个月、3个月和6个月监测血常规,术后1个月复查腹部CTA。结果1例患者术后出现左侧大量血性胸腔积液,给予止血及胸腔积液引流后好转,其余患者未发生严重并发症。 RFA后1个月行腹部CTA检查示RFA毁损范围占脾脏总体积的比率为34．3％～71.8％,平均（56.20±13.09）％。术前血细胞计数示：白细胞为（3.88±1.75）×109/L,红细胞（4.06±0.37）×1012/L,血小板（48.14±11.33）×109/L。 RFA术后1个月复查示：白细胞（5.62±1.61）×109/L,血小板（132.29±33.20）×109/L;与术前相比,血小板和白细胞显著升高（P<0．05）。结论脾动脉球囊阻断联合RFA治疗肝硬化门静脉高压型脾功能亢进具有较高的安全性,且近期疗效可靠。     

肝移植术围手术期脾亢的处理

目的:观察原位肝移植术后脾功能亢进(脾亢) 的变化,探讨脾亢患者肝移植的处理方法.方法:回顾分析5年内我院115例接受肝移植手术、符合入选条件的脾脏切除或脾动脉结扎患者,将15例作为实验组(A组),其中11例在术前、4例在术中行脾脏切除术或脾动脉结扎术;将68例年龄匹配的同期未切脾肝移植受体随机选为对照组(B组). 分析术后急性排斥反应发生率、血小板计数、肺部感染发生率以及移植肝门静脉肝动脉血流量比(PVF/HAF)的变化规律.结果:急性排斥反应发生率在A组为0,B组为15%,B组明显升高但与A组相比无显著性差异;术后A组肺部感染率为85%,显著高于B组的54%(P＜0.05);A组的血小板峰值为(340±158)×109/L,显著高于B组的(249±93)×109/L(P＜0.01);A组血小板计数在25 d达到顶峰,相比B组在21 d没有显著性差异. A组的门静脉肝动脉血流量比值显著低于B组(12±8 vs 24±16,P＜0.05),肝脏动脉血供较为充分.结论:脾亢患者行肝移植术应按照指征行脾切除术. 脾动脉结扎或脾动脉栓塞术对于术后顽固性低血小板者、肝动脉盗血综合症者及门静脉血流量过大者有良好的应用前景.     

门脉高压症患者脾切除术后免疫功能的改变及其与脾组织免疫细胞的关系

目的　研究门脉高压症脾亢患者脾切除前后免疫功能的改变 ,以及巨脾组织免疫活性细胞的数量变化。探讨门脉高压症脾亢患者脾脏切除术合理性的免疫学基础。方法　对门脉高压症脾切除术患者 ,术前检测静脉血T淋巴细胞亚群 (CD3 、CD4 、CD8 、CD2 0 )及NK细胞 ;白介素 2(IL 2 )和白介素 10 (IL 10 ) ;γ干扰素 (IFN γ) ;免疫球蛋白 (IgG、IgM、IgA)及补体C3、C4。脾切除术后 1周、1月再次检测上述指标。切除的巨脾组织制成石蜡切片 ,检测CD3 、CD8 、CD2 0 、CD6 8 阳性细胞数量及分布 ,与正常脾组织进行比较。结果　①脾切除术后 1月免疫球蛋白IgG、补体C3、C4均升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,IgM、IgA呈增高趋势 ,但无统计学意义。②脾切除术后 1月IL 2、IFN γ明显升高 ,但仍低于正常人 ;IL 10明显降低 ,但仍高于正常人。③脾切除手术前后外周血CD4 、CD8 、CD4 /CD8 、CD2 0 细胞变化均无统计学意义。仅CD3 、NK细胞术后 1月明显升高 (P <0 .0 1)。④门静脉高压症巨脾与正常脾脏比较 ,CD3 、CD8 、CD2 0 、CD6 8 细胞数均减少。结论　经部分免疫学指标检测 ,门脉高压症脾亢患者免疫功能降低 ,脾切除术能使门脉高压症患者免疫功能得到一定改善。     

部分脾栓塞术结合益气健脾活血中药治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的研究

目的观察部分脾栓塞术(PSE)结合益气健脾活血中药治疗肝硬化脾机能亢进的疗效。方法将68例脾功能亢进患者随机分为2组,治疗组36例采用PSE结合益气健脾活血中药治疗,对照组32例单行PSE治疗,均随访1 a。结果2组血小板计数均逐渐上升,治疗组上升幅度较对照组大,15 d达高峰,以后逐渐下降,3个月后渐稳定;白细胞近期急剧增高,15 d后逐步下降,3个月后趋向稳定;红细胞上升缓慢,治疗组上升幅度较对照组大,6个月后趋向稳定。脾动脉、脾静脉及门静脉直径2组均有不同程度缩小,近期疗效无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论PSE结合益气健脾活血中药治疗脾功能亢进疗效好,值得临床推广应用。     

联合介入治疗16例原发性肝癌伴脾亢的疗效分析

目的：探讨经肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞（TACE）联合部分脾动脉栓塞术（PSE）治疗原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进（脾亢）的疗效.方法： 采用Seldinger技术对16例原发性肝癌合并脾亢患者行TACE联合PSE进行治疗,根据患者肝功能情况及脾亢程度决定脾脏栓塞程度,于栓塞后5～7d、10～14d复查血常规.结果：本组脾栓塞面积为30%～80%,脾亢完全或部分缓解,仅1例出现脾脓肿,余未发生严重并发症.术后5～7 d、10～14 d 白细胞（WBC）分别为（7.1±1.7）、（6.2±0.8）×10^9/L、血小板（PLT）分别为（101±10）、（134±23）×10^9/L,均明显高于术前[（3.0±2.3）、（50±17）×10^9/L] （P＜0.05）.结论：TACE联合PSE是治疗原发性肝癌伴肝硬化、门脉高压及脾功能亢进的一种较好的方法,具有一定的临床价值.     

Coagulation profile and platelet function in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction and non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Coagulation disorders commonly develop in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. They have also been reported in patients with non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) and extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO); the two conditions with portal hypertension and near-normal liver functions. The spectrum and prevalence of coagulation abnormalities and their association with the pathogenesis of these diseases and with hypersplenism was prospectively studied. METHODS: Eighteen EHPVO patients that included an equal number of NCPF patients and 20 healthy controls were prospectively studied. The coagulation parameters assessed included: international normalized ratio, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products. Platelet aggregation and malondialdehyde levels were measured. RESULTS: Both EHPVO (83%) and NCPF (78%) patients had a significantly prolonged international normalized ratio and a decrease in fibrinogen and platelet aggregation. The EHPVO patients had a significant prolongation in partial thromboplastin time (67% patients), with increased levels of fibrinogen degradation product levels occurring in all patients; these were normal in NCPF patients. Platelet malondialdehyde levels were normal in both groups. Hypersplenism was present in four EHPVO and seven NCPF patients. It did not significantly influence the coagulation profile in either NCPF or EHPVO patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulation anomalies are common and significant in both NCPF and EHPVO patients, suggestive of a mild disseminated intravascular coagulation disorder. These imbalances could be caused by chronic subclinical endotoxemia and cytokine activation after the initial portal thromboembolic event. The persistence of these abnormalities in adolescent patients indicates an ongoing coagulation derangement.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy may be a superior supportive intervention for cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism

Background and Aims: To evaluate and compare laparoscopic splenectomy and partial splenic embolization as supportive intervention for cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism to overcome peripheral cytopenia before the initiation of and during interferon therapy or anticancer therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: Between December 2000 and April 2008, 43 Japanese cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism underwent either laparoscopic splenectomy or partial splenic embolization as a supportive intervention to facilitate the initiation and completion of either interferon therapy or anticancer therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. We reviewed the peri‐ and post‐intervention outcomes and details of the subsequent planned main therapies. For interferon therapy, the rate of completion, the rate of treatment cessation and virological responses were evaluated. Anti‐cancer therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma included liver resection, ablation therapy, intra‐arterial chemotherapy, and transarterial chemoembolization. Results: All patients tolerated the operations well with no significant complications. The platelet count was significantly higher in the laparoscopic splenectomy group than in the partial splenic embolization group at 1 and 2 weeks after the intervention. Interferon therapy was stopped in two patients in the partial splenic embolization group due to recurrent thrombocytopenia whereas all patients in the laparoscopic splenectomy group completed interferon therapy. The planned anticancer therapies were performed in all patients, and were completed in all patients without any problems or major complications. Conclusion: Laparoscopic splenectomy may be superior to partial splenic embolization as a supportive intervention for cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism. Future prospective, randomized controlled patient studies are required to confirm these findings.