保留胫骨止点的腘绳肌腱移植重建膝交叉韧带

目的 研究保留胫骨止点的自体腘绳肌肌腱移植重建交叉韧带的优缺点。方法 自2001年7月至2005年3月间我院收治交叉韧带断裂患者33例，前交叉韧带断裂17例，后交叉韧带断裂10例，前后交叉韧带断裂并外侧副韧带断裂3例，前后交叉韧带并内侧副韧带断裂3例。其中男性28例，女性5例。平均年龄28．2岁（18-45岁）。平均随访时间3．9年（范围0．5～5年）。使用特制取腱器将半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱从肌腹中抽出，回折锁边缝合成四股，穿过胫骨和股骨隧道。远端经过骨孔以界面钉固定或经过骨桥固定。结果 按照JOA膝关节韧带损伤疗效判定标准，手术前后评分分别为46．0分和79．8分，Lysholm膝关节评分标准手术前后分别为54．4分和80．3分（P〈0．001）。胫骨前移：术前平均10．9mm（范围9～13mm），术后平均3．6mm（范围0～7mm）（P〈0．001）。结论 保留胫骨止点的腘绳肌肌腱移植，可以适用于前后交叉韧带重建，其优点是取材方便，并发症少，胫骨隧道不再需要内固定。     

关节镜下多股胭绳肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下应用多股胭绳肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带的疗效。方法应用膝关节镜下自体多股胭绳肌腱单束方法重建前交叉韧带39例，其中28例得到随访。结果随访时间7～48（13.5±2．3）月。Lysholm膝关节功能评分术前（47．3±3．6）分，术后（91.3±2．9）分。结论关节镜下自体多股胭绳肌腱单束重建膝ACL创伤小，取材方便、术后并发症少、手术快捷、疗效可靠，是治疗前交叉损伤的较好方法。     

Influence of Altered Knee Angle on Electromyographic Activity of Hamstring Muscles Between Nordic Hamstring Exercise and Nordic Hamstring Exercise with Incline Slope Lower Leg Board

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that performing the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) with different board slope angles can affect hamstring activation. However, changes in muscle length with different board slopes can alter joint angles leading to the moment arm (MA) at the knee changing during the NHE.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the influence of changing muscle length on hamstring electromyographic activity during an isometric NHE, while maintaining an equal moment arm.Study DesignA crossover study designMethodsSixteen male volunteers performed two types of conventional NHE, one with knees on the floor (NHE) and one with the legs placed upon an incline slope of a lower leg board (NHEB). To compare between the conventional and inclined NHE, the moment arm at the knee was calculated to be equal by an examiner holding the lower legs at points marked at 77% and 94% of the length of the lower leg. The four sub-groups comprised of: 1) NHE-77%, 2) NHE-94%, 3) NHEB-77%, and 4) NHEB-94%. The hamstring EMG activity was measured at the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and at the semitendinosus (ST) and related compensatory muscles. The RMS data were normalized as a percentage of the maximum isometric values (normalized EMG [nEMG]). Significant main effects findings were followed up with Tukey’s post-hoc test using SPSS software and statistical significance was set at the p < 0.05 level.ResultsThe BFlh EMG activity values for NHE-77% were significantly higher than those for NHE-94% (p= 0.036) and NHEB-77% (p < 0.001), respectively, while ST during NHE-77% was significantly higher only in NHEB-77% (p < 0.001). In addition, NHEB-94% was significantly greater than NHEB-77% for both BFlh (p < 0.001) and ST (p < 0.001).ConclusionThese results indicate that hamstring electromyographic activity is decreased when the hamstring muscle is lengthened during the Nordic hamstring exercise.Level of Evidence3     

自体腘绳肌腱与同种异体肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床疗效.方法选择2008年12月至2010年8月昆明医学院第一附属医院骨科膝关节前交叉韧带重建患者46例,其中男27例,女19例,分为A组：自体肌腱移植重建25例,B组：同种异体肌腱移植重建21例.术后进行临床体检及前/后抽屉试验、Lachman试验、膝关节应力X线片、髌骨轴位片及MRI等相关检查,Lysholm评分,IKDC评分,AKS评分.术后随访4～24个月,平均12.4个月.结果两组病例术后Lysholm评分,IKDC评分,AKS评分测试结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论同种异体与自体肌腱重建ACL的疗效相近,是重建ACL良好的移植物之一.     

Apport d’une évaluation biomécanique dans la prise en charge des tendinopathies proximales des ischiojambiers : discussion à partir de deux cas cliniques

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to illustrate the benefits of static and dynamic biomechanical assessment, in addition to the conventional diagnostic approach in the management of patients with proximal hamstring tendinopathy.MethodTwo women, 30 years old, practicing intensive running (8–10 hours per week), presenting a proximal hamstring tendinopathy, were seen in consultation of biomechanical assessment. This multidisciplinary consultation includes a global static and dynamic assessment of the patient; dynamic assessment including video analysis and plantar pressure during walking and running on platform pressure plate.Cases reportEither 2 patients had pain in the buttock radiating to the posterior thigh, occurring during running and acceleration phases of sprint. Clinical examination showed just a pain in the ischium. Biomechanical assessment showed deficiency of the hip abductors and external rotators only for involved side for the 2 patients, responsible of a “sag” of the lower limb. Each of the 2 patients received a “conventional” rehabilitation, including stretching and eccentric exercises of the hamstring, associated with a specific care, according to the weaknesses identified in the biomechanical assessment, including hip external rotators. Full recovery of running was obtained at 4–6 weeks without subsequent recurrence.ConclusionProximal hamstring tendinopathy could be favoured by a deficiency of hip external rotators during walking or running only. It therefore seems appropriate to propose a static and dynamic biomechanical assessment in patients with proximal hamstring tendinopathy, looking for possible contributing/risks factors, such as dynamic hip internal rotation. Biomechanical assessment helps to target and adapt rehabilitation and could prevent the use of more invasive treatments.     

Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Proximal Hamstring Rupture

Background

Acute proximal hamstring ruptures can be a diagnostic challenge in the emergency department. The revealing sign of large posterior thigh ecchymosis is typically not yet present; the physical examination is limited due to pain, radiographs can be unremarkable, and definitive testing with magnetic resonance imaging is not practical. These avulsions are often misdiagnosed as hamstring strains and treated conservatively. The diagnosis is made after failed treatment, often months after the injury. Surgical repair at that time can be technically challenging and higher risk due to tendon retraction and adhesion of the tendon stump to the sciatic nerve.

Comparison of Common Methodologies for the Determination of Knee Flexor Muscle Strength

BackgroundKnee flexion strength may hold important clinical implications for the determination of injury risk and readiness to return to sport following injury and orthopedic surgery. A wide array of testing methodologies and positioning options are available that require validation prior to clinical integration. The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate the validity and test-retest reliability of isometric knee flexion strength measured by a fixed handheld dynamometer (HHD) apparatus compared to a Biodex Dynamometer (BD), 2) determine the impact of body position (seated versus supine) and foot position (plantar- vs dorsiflexed) on knee flexion peak torque and 3) establish the validity and test-retest reliability of the NordBord Hamstring Dynamometer.Study DesignValidity and reliability study, test-retest design.MethodsForty-four healthy participants (aged 27 ± 4.8 years) were assessed by two raters over two testing sessions separated by three to seven days. Maximal isometric knee flexion in the seated and supine position at 90^o knee flexion was measured with both a BD and an externally fixed HHD with the foot held in maximal dorsiflexion or in plantar flexion. The validity and test-retest reliability of eccentric knee flexor strength on the NordBord hamstring dynamometer was assessed and compared with isometric strength on the BD.ResultsLevel of agreement between HHD and BD torque demonstrated low bias (bias -0.33 Nm, SD of bias 13.5 Nm; 95% LOA 26.13 Nm, -26.79 Nm). Interrater reliability of the HHD was high, varying slightly with body position (ICC range 0.9-0.97, n=44). Isometric knee flexion torque was higher in the seated versus supine position and with the foot dorsiflexed versus plantarflexed. Eccentric knee flexion torque had a high degree of correlation with isometric knee flexion torque as measured via the BD (r=0.61-0.86). The NordBord had high test-retest reliability (0.993 (95%CI 0.983-0.997, n=19) for eccentric knee flexor strength, with an MDC₉₅ of 26.88 N and 28.76 N for the left and right limbs respectively.ConclusionCommon measures of maximal isometric knee flexion display high levels of correlation and test-retest reliability. However, values obtained by an externally fixed HHD are not interchangeable with values obtained via the BD. Foot and body position should be considered and controlled during testing.Level of Evidence2b