Nasal glioma: An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

A case of a 14 month old Japanese female infant presenting with nasal glioma Is reported. The tumor had been noticed at the nasal radix since birth and had slowly and progressively enlarged. There was no communication between the tumor and the cranial cavity on radiological examination. The tumor was macroscopically anchored to the nasal septum by a fibrous stalk, and histologically consisted of nests or trabeculae of either polygonal or spindle cells with plump eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval nuclei, separated by vascular-rich connective tissue intermingled with multinu-cleated giant cells. These tumor cells were immunohisto-chemically positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as for S-100 protein and vimentin. An electron microscopic examination revealed collagen fibers and basal lamina between the tumor cells and the fibroblasts. Tumor cells possessed abundant intermediate filaments, which showed occasional Rosenthal fiber-like structures, in their cytoplasm and processes. A few oligodendrocytes and cilia of 9 micro-tubule doublets either with or without 2 central microtubules were also noted. These clinicopathological findings suggested that this tumor was once an encephalo(meningo)cele, which probably degenerated as a result of the loss of intracranial communication and then appeared to be isolated from the intracranial tissue.     

重型颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的防治

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的原因及对策。方法对120例重型颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的原因、对策及预后进行回顾性分析。结果（1）迟发血肿65例，其中同侧脑内血肿10例，硬膜外血肿8例，对侧硬膜外血肿21例，硬膜下血肿10例，脑内血肿9例，大脑纵裂血肿7例；（2）急性弥漫性脑肿胀40例；（3）外伤性大面积脑梗死15例；（4）复合伤患者有30例。合并胸部、腹部及四肢骨折，有明显的低血压和低血氧症状；（5）术中操作不当，误诊误治10例。结论重型颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的主要原因有迟发性颅内血肿，弥漫性脑肿胀，严重脑水肿，广泛脑梗死，术中操作不当，对病情的误诊误治，麻醉问题等。根据不同的原因进行正确处理，可以降低急性脑膨出的重残率及病死率。     

神经外科术中急性脑膨出的原因分析及处理方法

目的：总结分析脑外科手术中急性脑膨出的发生原因和防治措施。方法：对术中出现急性脑膨出的74例病人进行回顾性分析，并对不同处理方法导致的结果进行比较。结果：本组应用综合措施处理术中急性脑膨出，术后3个月GOS评分，良好32例，中残21例，重残7例，植物生存4例，死亡7例。结论：尽早发现并去除致膨出因素，综合运用降颅压措施，尽量扩大颅腔容积，可以避免脑疝或膨出脑组织切除，明显改善患者预后。     

Bilateral optic disc pit with maculopathy in a patient with cleft lip and cleft palate

Optic disc pit (ODP) is small, gray-white, oval depression found at the optic nerve head. It is a congenital defect that occurs due to imperfect closure of superior edge of the embryonic fissure. Cleft lip and palate are also congenital midline abnormalities occurring due to defect in the fusion of frontonasal prominence, maxillary prominence and mandibular prominence. There is only one case report describing the occurrence of ODP in a young patient with cleft lip and palate who also had basal encephalocele. We describe a 52-year-old patient with congenital cleft lip and palate with bilateral ODP with maculopathy but without any other midline abnormality.     

Prenatal diagnosis of frontal encephalocele

Encephalocele is a rare congenital form of neural tube defect characterized by a protrusion of the meninges and cerebral tissue through a skull defect. These defects are classified according to their location: frontal, parietal and occipital, the last one being the most common form of presentation. The prognosis is related to the anatomical site, the volume of the neural contents and the presence of coexisting abnormalities. Most pregnancies are terminated, since the prognosis is poor. We report a case of an isolated fetal frontal encephalocele diagnosed at 21 weeks of gestation.     

In-utero Diagnosis of Double Encephalocele - Imaging Features and Review of Literature

Encephalocele is protrusion of brain parenchyma through a defect in the cranium. It is classified into various types based on the defect location: sincipital (fronto-ethmoidal), basal (trans-sphenoidal, spheno-ethmoidal, trans-ethmoidal, and spheno-orbital), occipital and parietal. Double encephaloceles are very rare with only a handful of cases reported in the literature and most of these cases involved either occipital or sub-occipital region. All, except one, cases of double encephaloceles were diagnosed postnatally. We present a case of double encephalocele with parietal and occipital components diagnosed in utero. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of double encephalocele involving the parietal and occipital skull bones diagnosed in-utero.     

对冲性硬膜下血肿大骨瓣开颅减压预防急性脑膨出的效果

 目的 探讨对冲性硬膜下血肿行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术预防急性脑膨出的效果。方法 回顾性分析2010-05至2015-05本院神经外科收治的86例对冲性颅脑外伤患者,按手术方式分为大骨瓣开颅减压组和常规组,每组各43例,常规组患者实施常规骨瓣开颅减压术,大骨瓣开颅减压组行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术,比较两组治疗效果。结果 大骨瓣开颅减压组患者的术中脑膨出率39.53%、术后切口疝发生率11.63%均显著地低于常规组的67.44%、34.88%(P<0.05),大骨瓣开颅减压组患者术后脑中线恢复率72.09%显著地高于常规组的46.51%(P<0.05);两组患者迟发性血肿发生率、术中病死率差异无统计学意义。术后第1、3、7天大骨瓣开颅减压组患者的格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)值显著地高于常规组患者(P<0.05)。根据格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评价标准,大骨瓣开颅减压组患者术后6个月的预后效果优于常规组(P<0.05)。结论 对冲性硬膜下血肿颅脑外伤患者行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术对于防治术中急性脑膨出具有显著地效果,同时有利于改善患者的近期预后。     

巨大脑膜瘤术中术后脑肿胀的预防措施

目的探讨颅内巨大脑膜瘤术中术后脑肿胀脑膨出形成原因、预防措施及其并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析巨大脑膜瘤87例临床资料,通过精确定位、麻醉方法的改变、增加手术操作空间、减少脑组织牵拉、尽可能保留回流静脉以及肿瘤残腔的处理等综合措施,减少术中术后脑肿胀脑膨出发生率。结果87例患者中仅1例因脑肿胀、脑膨出影响手术进程。且根据脑膜瘤切除Simpson分级,肿瘤全切除(simpsonⅠ、Ⅱ)72例,次全切除(simpsonⅢ、Ⅳ)15例,无死亡病例。结论综合的、合理的预防措施能有效缓解术中术后脑肿胀脑膨出,提高巨大肿瘤的切除率并减少并发症发生。     

Meningitis and midline facial deformity

A baby with unilateral cleft lip, midline cleft palate and hypertelorism developed meningitis in the first 48 h of life. Examination of the nasopharynx showed a soft tissue mass, which was confirmed as a basal encephalocele by computed tomography. There was also congenital hydrocephalus and the corpus callosum was absent. Surgical treatment included repair of the anterior basal skull defect, repair of the lip and palate, and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. There is currently evidence of developmental delay and right-sided visual impairment due to Morning Glory syndrome. This case demonstrates that basal encephalocele should be considered in any baby with midline facial deformity who develops meningitis.