导管直接溶栓治疗犬股静脉急性深静脉血栓后静脉壁形态学的变化

目的　比较导管直接溶栓 (catheter -directedthrombolysis,CDT)和系统性溶栓 (systemicthrombolysis ,ST)治疗急性深静脉血栓形成后的静脉壁形态学变化及近期疗效。方法　 2 0只成年杂种犬通过结扎双侧股静脉远近端制作急性深静脉血栓模型。 4 8h后松开结扎线 ,DSA造影证实血栓形成。将模型犬随机分成CDT组 10只和ST组 10只。CDT组经股静脉插入多个侧孔的溶栓导管 ,经导管用微泵以 8ml/h的速度滴入重组链激酶 (re combinantstreptokinase ,r sk) (15 0 0 0U/kg ,溶于 5 0mlNS中 )每 2h取血测定PT、APTT ,并造影观察溶栓进展。ST组从膝下外周静脉滴入r sk用量同前。结束后造影观察溶栓效果。术后 1d从各组随机抽取 5只获取标本 ,余下的 4周后再次造影观察静脉通畅度 ,并获取标本。HE染色观察静脉是否通畅 ,是否有附壁血栓 ;Masson三色染色观察胶原纤维沉积情况 ;免疫组化染色观察平滑肌肌动蛋白表达情况 ;扫描电镜观察内皮细胞损伤程度。结果　CDT组在 6h内均能完全溶解血栓 ,血栓溶解率为 10 0 % ,而ST组仅为 2 0 % ,二者相比 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;PT、APTT未见明显延长 ;CDT组 1d和 4周时均未见附壁血栓 ,而ST组可见有附壁血栓 ;术后 1d两组间胶原纤维染色面积和平滑肌肌动蛋白表达面积无明显     

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Pulmonary Embolism: The State of Practice

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a major public health problem. It is the third most common cause of death in hospitalized patients. In the United States, there are up to 600,000 cases diagnosed per year with 100,000-180,000 acute PE-related deaths. Common risk factors include underlying genetic conditions, acquired conditions, and acquired hypercoagulable states. Acute PE increases the pulmonary vascular resistance and the load on the right ventricle (RV). Increased RV loading causes compensatory RV dilation, impaired contractility, tachycardia, and sympathetic activation. RV dilation and increased intramural pressure decrease diastolic coronary blood flow, leading to RV ischemia and myocardial necrosis. Ultimately, insufficient cardiac output from the RV causes left ventricular under-filling which results in systemic hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. Current prognostic stratification strategy separates acute PE into massive, submassive, and low-risk by presence or absence of sustained hypotension, RV dysfunction, and myocardial necrosis. Massive, submassive, and low-risk acute PE have mortality rates of 25%-65%, 3%, and <1%, respectively. Current PE management includes the use of anticoagulation alone, systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and surgical embolectomy. This article will describe the current state of practice for catheter-directed thrombolysis and its role in the management of acute PE.     

急性下肢静脉血栓处理策略

急性下肢静脉血栓是血管外科最常见的静脉急症,发病率较高。如处理得当,血栓急性期脱落会造成肺栓塞,部分慢性期病人合并血栓复发、血栓后综合征等并发症,严重影响病人生活质量。因此,明确下肢静脉血栓的危险因素,对于高龄、制动、手术、创伤、产后、恶性肿瘤等病人提高警惕,进行合理预防与评估,降低院内血栓的发生率。一旦血栓形成,如无抗凝禁忌,立即行抗凝治疗,出血风险评估后,选择合适的腔内治疗手段,如导管接触性溶栓或经皮机械血栓清除术。对于合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的病人,可行支架植入术。对于抗凝禁忌或下腔静脉漂浮血栓的病人,可行腔静脉滤器植入术。院内层面血栓防控体系的建立,有利于对血栓病人早发现、早诊断、早治疗,意义深远。     

经导管溶栓与经足背静脉溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的对比分析

目的：对比经导管溶栓与经患肢足背静脉顺行溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析60例经造影明确诊断的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的临床资料,其中采用经导管溶栓治疗的患者为A组（30例）,采用经患肢足背静脉顺行溶栓治疗的患者为B组（30例）。对比两组患者的治疗效果、患肢消肿率、深静脉通畅度等。结果两组均成功完成溶栓治疗。患肢消肿率A组为（82.39％±16.28％）,B组为（62.58％±18.87％）;静脉通畅度A组为（62.18％±18.39％）, B组为（39.28％±23.36％）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论经导管溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成较经患肢足背静脉顺行溶栓疗效好,可部分取代经患肢足背静脉顺行溶栓治疗。     

122个中草药复方体外抗栓溶栓作用的研究

通过１２２个中草药复方的体外抗栓和溶栓实验，结果提示：抗栓率明显高子阿斯匹林（ＡＳＡ）抗栓率（６１．５３％）的复方有７个（Ｐ＜０．０５—０．０１），类似于ＡＳＡ的５７个（Ｐ＞０．０５）；溶栓率非常明显，高于尿激酶１（ＵＫ１）溶栓率（９１．２８％）的复方有４个（〈０．０１），类似于ＵＫｌ的４８个（Ｐ〉０．０５），类似于ＵＫ２溶栓率（９９．８３％）的复方４０个，表明从中草药复方中开发副作用小，又有抗栓、溶桂作用的天然药物大有潜力。本研究也发现，在抗栓和溶栓方面，部分中草药复方优子单方（Ｐ〈０．０５），值得进一步探讨。     

Stenting of iliac vein obstruction following catheter-directed thrombolysis in lower extremity deep vein thrombosis

Background Catheter-directed thrombolysis （CDT） for deep venous thrombosis （DV-F） of the lower extremity has good effect, but whether iliac vein stent placement after thrombolytic therapy is still controversial. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of stent placement in the iliac vein following CDT in lower extremity DVT. Methods This was a single-canter, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. After receiving CDT, the major branch of the distal iliac vein was completely patent in 155 patients with lower extremity DVT, and 74 of these patients with iliac vein residual stenosis of 〉50% were randomly divided into a control group （n=29） and a test group （n=45）. In the test group, stents were implanted in the iliac vein, whereas no stents were implanted in the control group. We evaluated the clinical indicators, including patency of the deep vein, C in CEAP classification, Venous Clinical Severity Score （VCSS）, and Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire （CIVIQ） Score. Results All patients had postoperative follow-up visits for a period of 6-24 months. Venography or color ultrasound was conducted in subjects. There was a significant difference between the patency rate at the last follow-up visit （87.5% vs. 29.6%） and the 1-year patency rate （86.0% vs. 54.8%） between the test and control groups. The change in the C in CEAP classification pre- and post-procedure was significantly different between the test and control groups （1.61±0.21 vs. 0.69±0.23）. In addition, at the last follow-up visit, VCSS and CIVIQ Score were both significantly different between the test and control groups （7.57±0.27 vs. 0.69±0.23; 22.67±3.01 vs. 39.34±6.66, respectively）. Conclusion The stenting of iliac vein obstruction following CDT in lower extremity DVT may increase the patency of the deep vein, and thus provides better efficacy and quality of life.     

AngioJet机械抽栓联合置管溶栓在急性肾动脉栓塞中的应用

目的评价AngioJet机械血栓清除系统联合置管溶栓(CDT)治疗急性肾动脉栓塞(RAE)的效果。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月苏州大学附属第一医院收治的8例急性RAE患者临床资料。所有患者治疗前均经腹部增强CT明确诊断,急诊接受AngioJet机械血栓清除系统抽栓联合CDT治疗,溶栓后24 h复查DSA造影,肾动脉主干及分支血流恢复满意后拔除溶栓导管,否则继续溶栓至48 h,复查造影后拔除溶栓导管。住院期间及出院后均予抗凝治疗,观察出院后1、3、6个月门诊随访结果。结果 8例患者均成功完成AngioJet机械血栓抽吸治疗,复查造影显示肾动脉主干完全再通,肾动脉主要分支仍可见充盈缺损;CDT 24 h后无明显血栓残留和狭窄,拔除溶栓导管。24 h内患者腰痛或腹痛症状明显缓解,住院期间未发生肾脏坏死、脏器出血、死亡等严重并发症。随访至6个月时患者肾动脉血流通畅、肾功能正常。结论 AngioJet机械抽栓联合CDT可迅速清除肾动脉主干及其主要分支动脉血栓形成,快速恢复肾脏血供,治疗急性RAE具有良好的安全性和有效性。     

Large-Bore Aspiration Thrombectomy versus Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Propensity Score–Matched Comparison

PurposeTo compare effectiveness and safety of large-bore aspiration thrombectomy (LBAT) with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) for treatment of acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism (PE).Materials and MethodsThis retrospective review included patients with acute PE treated with LBAT or CDT using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) between December 2009 and May 2020. A propensity score based on Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index class and PE severity (massive vs submassive) was calculated, and 26 LBAT cases (age 60.2 y ± 17.1, 14/26 women) were matched with 26 CDT cases (age 59.7 y ± 14.2, 14/26 women).ResultsThe CDT group had 22.1 mg ± 8.1 tPA infused over 21.2 h ± 6.6. Both groups demonstrated similar initial and final systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) (LBAT: 54.5 mm Hg ± 12.9 vs CDT: 54.5 mm Hg ± 16.3, P = .8, and LBAT: 42.5 mm Hg ± 14.1 vs CDT: 42.6 mm Hg ± 12.1, P = .8, respectively) and similar reductions in heart rate (LBAT: −5.4 beats/min ± 19.2 vs CDT: −9.6 beats/min ± 15.8, P = .4). CDT demonstrated a higher reduction in Miller score (−10.1 ± 3.9 vs −7.5 ± 3.8, P = .02). LBAT resulted in 1 minor hemorrhagic complication and 2 procedure-related mortalities, and CDT resulted in 1 minor and 1 major hemorrhagic complication.ConclusionsLBAT and CDT resulted in similar reductions of PAP and heart rate when used to treat acute PE. CDT reduced thrombus burden to a greater degree. Although hemorrhagic complications rates were not significantly different, the LBAT group demonstrated a higher rate of procedure-related mortality. Larger studies are needed to compare the safety of these techniques.     

Combination of Percutaneous Rotational Thrombectomy and Drug-Coated Balloon for Treatment of Femoropopliteal Artery Nonembolic Occlusion: 12-Month Follow-up

PurposeTo evaluate safety and efficacy of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy using the Rotarex catheter combined with drug-coated balloon (DCB) in treatment of femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease.Materials and MethodsBetween January 2016 and February 2018, 81 patients with acute or subacute femoropopliteal artery occlusions were treated with the Rotarex catheter combined with DCB. Lesions were classified according to the onset of symptoms as acutely (< 14 d) or subacutely (14 d to 3 mo) occluded. The mean lesion length was 12.1 cm ± 6.7. The primary endpoint was target lesion patency at 1 year as evaluated by duplex ultrasound (peak systolic velocity ratio < 2.4) and freedom from clinically indicated target lesion revascularization. Amputation rate, major adverse events, and ankle-brachial index at 12 months were evaluated.ResultsTechnical success rate was 100% (n = 81). Bailout stents were necessary in 14 patients owing to residual stenosis or flow-limiting dissection. Additional thrombolysis was applied in 10 interventions. No major adverse events occurred during hospital stay. There were 9 restenosis cases during the 12-month follow-up period. Primary patency rate was 87.3% (62/71), and freedom from target lesion revascularization rate was 90.1% (64/71). Ankle-brachial index significantly increased from 0.46 ± 0.15 to 0.77 ± 0.14 during follow-up. The amputation rate was 1.4% at 12 months.ConclusionsThese initial data from 2 centers suggest that the combination of the Rotarex catheter and DCB may be safe and effective for treatment of acute or subacute thrombotic femoropopliteal occlusion with superior immediate and midterm results achieved.     

Impact of Venous Collaterals on Clinical Outcomes in Paget–Schroetter Syndrome

Purpose

To characterize the degree of venous collateralization before and after endovascular therapy and determine the effect of collateralization on success of thrombolysis and rate of repeat intervention in patients with Paget–Schroetter syndrome.