Trends in physical activity behaviours and attitudes among South Australian youth between 1985 and 2004

Rising youth obesity is a serious public health concern. There is a widespread view that declining physical activity is contributing to this trend. A total of 929 young South Australians (age = 9–15 years) were surveyed in 1985 and 2004 on usual physical activity in several contexts, including attitudes to physical activity. Eight of 10 South Australian schools participating in the 1985 Schools Health and Fitness Survey were revisited in 2004. Comparisons were made on: organised sport, active transport, physical education (PE), playground activity, vigorous physical activity (VPA), total leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and attitudes to PE and school sport. The questionnaire and method of administration were identical in both surveys. There were no differences between surveys in club and school sport participation, walking to school, and reported enjoyment of PE and school sport. In 2004 fewer children rode to school, but PE classes were more frequent. The percentage of children who ‘sit and talk’ during school breaks had increased, with a decreased percentage of older girls who ‘run around’ during school breaks. There was a significantly higher LTPA in MET.min in 2004 for boys, which was particularly evident at higher percentiles. There were no changes in mean or distribution of LTPA for the whole sample or girls. The percentage of respondents reporting ≥3 bouts of VPA in the previous week rose from 51% (1985) to 76% (2004). There is no consistent evidence of declining physical activity among South Australian youth. It is apparent that physical activity in some contexts has declined, while in other contexts levels are the same or higher than in 1985. This underscores the complex nature of physical activity and the influences on this behaviour.     

Statistical clues to postoperative blood loss: Moving averages applied to medical data

With the advent of computerized databases, medical data has become easy to accumulate; however, effective use of this data continues to pose significant problems. In other circumstances, smoothing algorithms have been used to uncover non-obvious correlations, trends and relationships in noisy data. We have applied four such algorithms to a large dataset of postoperative blood replacement in cardiopulmonary bypass patients. When applied to this dataset, one of the algorithms proved surprisingly effective. It confirmed several previously observed correlations, and also provided an additional series of counterintuitive and apparently unrelated associations. These associations have been explored in an accompanying paper.     

Hip fracture incidence in the canton of Vaud,Switzerland, 1986–1991

The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of hip fracture in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland (total population 584 000), for the period 1986–1991 using routine hospital discharge data collected by the Cantonal Service of Statistical Research and Information (SCRIS). For the survey period, the estimated average annual crude incidence rate of hip fractures was 167 per 100 000 persons aged 20 or older (241 for women and 84 for men). For the population aged 50 years or older, the crude incidence rate was 388 per 100 000 persons (546 for women and 185 for men). The average annual age-specific rates rose exponentially by successive 5-year age groups. The median age of patients at the time of the fracture was 82 years in women and 74 years in men. There was no significant difference between the total number of cervical and trochanteric fractures. Between the ages of 20 and 84 years, the cumulative risk for a woman to be admitted to hospital with a hip fracture was twice that of a man (15.8% vs 7.8%). From 1986 to 1991, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence, like the ratio of cervical to trochanteric fractures, did not show any significant trend, although it was consistent with an increase in men (p=0.09). However, the annual number of fractures rose from 644 to 776, particularly among very aged men. The mean length of stay in the acute care hospital fell from 38 days in 1986 to 25 days in 1991. Finally, the comparison of these results with those obtained in 1986 for the same population from more exhaustive sources has confirmed the provision of a consistent, although overestimated, assessment of hip fracture incidence by means of these routine hospital statistics in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.     

启东市1972-2011年膀胱癌生存率长期趋势分析

背景与目的：我国鲜见有以人群为基础的超过40年的膀胱癌生存率的报道。该研究对启东1972—2011年全人群膀胱癌登记病例进行生存率分析,为预后评价及防治提供依据。方法：1619例登记病例的生存(死亡)情况随访截止于2012年4月。用SURV 3.01软件计算观察生存率(observed survival rate,OS)和相对生存率(relative survival rate,RS)。结果：膀胱癌1、3、5、10、15、20及30年OS分别为59.91%、43.49%、35.98%、26.91%、21.30%、18.37%及12.24%,1、3、5、10、15、20及30年RS分别为64.07%、53.02%、50.06%、52.42%、59.59%、76.39%及115.75%。其中男性1、3、5、10、15、20及30年OS分别为60.84%、43.91%、36.95%、27.31%、21.49%、18.29%及12.59%,1、3、5、10、15、20及30年RS分别为65.23%、53.95%、52.02%、54.57%、62.59%、79.12%及117.07%;女性1、3、5、10、15、20及30年OS分别为56.61%、42.03%、32.44%、25.65%、20.78%、18.80%及0%,1、3、5、10、15、20及30年RS分别为59.99%、49.91%、43.37%、45.86%、51.21%、69.02%及0%,男性、女性生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.256)。15~34岁、35~44岁、45~54岁、55~64岁、65~74岁及大于75岁各年龄组的5年RS分别为49.10%、67.53%、62.77%、53.92%、46.59%和39.85%;10年RS分别为49.79%、61.23%、52.99%、48.21%、54.94%和51.21%。20世纪80年代以来,膀胱癌5、10和15年RS均有上升趋势。结论：启东市全人群膀胱癌登记病例总体生存率在逐步提高,早期诊断和治疗方法的进步可能是膀胱癌生存率提高的影响因素。与发达国家相比,膀胱癌生存率的差距正在缩小,但仍有提高的空间。     

医疗器械检验检测现状及发展趋势探索

目的 该文旨在迎接我国医疗器械检验检测行业的新业态和新挑战,探索行业的未来发展方向。方法 在概述 医疗器械检验检测行业现状的基础上,采用专家访谈和线上问卷的方式,调研40家医疗器械检验检测机构及相关企事业单位, 重点关注科技创新能力和形式、行业发展瓶颈等重要问题。结果 通过整理和分析调研数据,得出行业发展的5个积极趋势： 完善机构整体布局,加强区域特色中心建设;完善第三方合作研究组织和第三方评审机构的准入与监管机制;鼓励科技创新, 优化人才队伍,赋能检验检测技术高质量发展;构建医疗器械安全监管信息化共享平台;加强在用医疗器械设备的安全监测。 创新之处 采用专家访谈和循证研究的方法,获取客观可靠的数据,为行业发展趋势的研究和探索提供了有力的依据。     

Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in Cocaine Use Among American High School Seniors,College Students,and Young Adults

Objectives: To assess prevalence, predictors, and longitudinal patterns of cocaine use.

Methods: Nationally representative samples of high school seniors were studied each year from 1975 through 1987. Follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of each class were obtained. This design produces estimates for three populations: high school seniors, college students 1–4 years post high school, and high school graduates age 19–28.

Results: Substantial numbers of young Americans are using cocaine, and users are likely to continue using over long intervals.     

Time Trends of Physical Activity Among Brazilian Adolescents Over a 7-Year Period

PurposeTo evaluate time trends in physical activity among adolescents aged 10 to 19 years living in southern Brazil over a 7-year period.MethodsTwo population-based cross-sectional surveys with similar methodologies were carried out in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 2005 and 2012. Leisure-time and transport-related physical activity were measured using a validated questionnaire. A cut-off point of 300 minutes per week was used to classify adolescents as active or not. We also analyzed the two domains of physical activity (leisure time and transportation) separately.ResultsThe prevalence of physical inactivity was 69.6% (95% CI 66.5–73.2) in 2005 and 69.9% (95% CI 66.5–72.7) in 2012. The percentage of active adolescents in leisure time also remained stable in the period (26.3% in 2005 [95% CI 23.3–29.2] vs. 28.1% in 2012 [95% CI 24.9–31.4]). Among boys, we observed an increase in the practice of some leisure-time activities—weight lifting (87%) and running (78%)—and a decline in others—volleyball (61%) and basketball (56%). Among girls, the only significant difference was an increase in the practice of weight lifting (271%). The prevalence of active commuting to and from school declined from 69% (95% CI 65.6–72.4) in 2005 to 56.5% (95% CI 52.5–60.2) in 2012.ConclusionsThere was a significant decline in active commuting to school among adolescents. Interventions promoting active commuting modes to school are urgently needed in Brazil.     

Diverticular disease increases and effects younger ages: an epidemiological study of 10-year trends

Introduction Little data exists on epidemiological trends of diverticular disease (DD). This study of 2,979 admissions over 10 years aimed to examine the epidemiological trends of DD admissions and clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis of all admissions with DD from 1995 to 2004 was performed. General population data for the area was obtained from the national Census and local primary care trust. Results Annual admissions for DD increased from 71 to 263 (p = 0.000). There was a trend of decreasing mean age from 71.2 years in 1995 to 68.1 in 2004 (p = 0.06). Admissions younger than 50 years increased from eight in 1995 to 42 in 2003 (p = 0.005). The mean age and size of the catchment population remained stable in that time. More emergency admissions underwent surgery (14.4%, n = 54) than electives (6.1%, n = 66) and had longer lengths of stay (25.2 vs. 9.2 days; p = 0.000). More patients under 50 (19.6%, n = 21) had surgery compared with older ones (8.8%, n = 100; p = 0.000). Recurrent admissions increased from 18 to 72 per year (p = 0.000) but were not associated with poor clinical outcomes. There were 21 deaths overall. Deaths were more likely in emergencies (p = 0.000, OR = 56.42) and those aged over 80 (p = 0.000, OR = 2.87). Mortality was independent of co-morbidity and other demographic factors. Conclusion DD admissions increased, unexplained by an ageing population, increasingly affecting younger patients who are more likely to undergo surgery, particularly as emergencies. Emergency admissions are associated with longer stay and higher mortality. Recurrent admission cannot be used as guide to elective surgery. Efforts should be made to treat more DD electively.