Comprehensive review of surgical approaches to the elbow

The choice of the most suitable surgical approach to the elbow forms the foundation of any successful elbow surgery. The surgical approach is based on the injury or pathology to be addressed and therefore specific anatomical details need to be considered. The surgeon must be comfortable with the bony, ligamentous and neurovascular anatomy of the elbow to consider and execute the best approach for each problem. This is an imperative to avoid iatrogenic injury.This article provides a detailed analysis, valuable technical tips, advantages and disadvantages of the most common approaches to the elbow. The lateral approaches include the Kocher, Kaplan and Extensor Digitorum Communis (EDC) Split approaches, the medial approaches include the Hotchkiss, Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) splitting approach, the Taylor and Scham approach. The anterior approach includes the anterior neurovascular interval approach and the posterior approaches include the Olecranon osteotomy, triceps sparing, triceps reflecting approach and finally the Boyd interval approach. The text and illustrations will provide a structured overview for the practicing surgeon.     

Zhang's ring-clamp modification of Duhamel's procedure: 30 years experience

To evaluate the efficacy of the ring-clamp procedure (RCP) in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) 435 RCPs were compared to 54 Kocher procedures performed between 1960 and 1990. The data were analyzed by chi-square test. The RCP resulted in much less blind-pouch syndrome (7%) compared to the Kocher's procedure (40%), and represents a valid alternative in the treatment of HD in children. Accepted: 16 February 2001     

Kocher切口尾侧入路在腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨Kocher切口尾侧入路在腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术(LPD)中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2020年6月在我院行Kocher切口尾侧入路LPD的20例患者的临床资料。结果20例患者中,平均手术时间(5.2±1.5)h,平均术中出血量(350.0±45.0)mL,平均术后住院时间(18.2±9.6)d。17例患者通过腹腔镜完成手术,3例患者因肠系膜上静脉或门静脉受侵辅助上腹正中小切口。术后,6例患者出现A级生化漏,3例患者出现B级胰漏,3例患者出现胃瘫。20例患者术后病理诊断均为恶性肿瘤,其中胰腺癌11例,胆总管末端癌7例,十二指肠乳头癌2例。随访2~30个月,患者均健康存活。结论经Kocher切口尾侧入路可充分利用腹腔镜的视角优势,为LPD提供一个更流畅的解剖平面入口,安全、有效。     

胰头与十二指肠的血供关系及其临床意义

目的　了解胰头及十二指肠的血管走行,为在DPPHR术中如何保护十二指肠的血供及是否行Kocher操作提供更多的形态学资料。 方法　随机选取40具尸体,充分解剖暴露肠系膜上动脉、胃十二指肠动脉及胰十二指肠前后动脉弓,对供应十二指肠的动脉及伴行的静脉行径进行仔细观察和记录。 结果　在97.5%的标本中（n=39）, 胰十二指肠后动脉弓及伴行的静脉均位于胰后筋膜内;在90%的标本中（n=36）, 胰十二指肠下前动脉及伴行的静脉走行于胰十二指肠沟内,易于保留;在个别标本中（10%, n=4）, 没有完整的胰十二指肠前动脉弓;其中1例标本（2.5%,n=1）,没有完整的胰十二指肠后动脉弓,但供应十二指肠的动脉及其伴行静脉仍位于胰后筋膜内。 结论　DPPHR手术的关键在于保留胰十二指肠后动脉弓,同时尽可能地保留部分胰十二指肠前动脉弓,而Kocher操作有利于保护胰十二指肠后动脉弓;在个别标本中,没有完整的胰十二指肠前动脉弓,此时施行DPPHR可能伤及十二指肠血供,导致手术失败。     

不同手术入路方式治疗肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折的临床效果比较

目的 分析不同手术入路方式治疗肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折的临床效果.方法 对2013年9月-2015年10月收治的肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折60例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据手术入路方式分为观察组和对照组,每组30例.对照组采取肘前外侧入路,观察组采取肘关节前外侧联合Kocher入路.观察2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、术后并发症及Mayo肘关节功能评分情况.结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均长于或多于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗后观察组日常活动、稳定性、运动功能、疼痛及Mayo肘关节功能总评分均明显高于对照组,术后并发症发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 肘关节前外侧联合Kocher入路治疗肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折临床疗效显著,且安全性较高.     

The modified Kocher criteria for septic hip: Does it apply to the knee?

Background:Pediatric septic arthritis is a surgical emergency and timely diagnosis prevents serious complications. To differentiate between septic hip and transient synovitis, the predictive value of four original Kocher criteria (fever, inability to bear weight, elevated serum white blood cell count, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate) plus Caird’s addition of elevated C-reactive protein have been studied, termed the modified Kocher criteria. These criteria have not been tested extensively on septic knee. This study tested the utility of the modified Kocher criteria in predicting septic knee while validating it for septic hip.Methods:A retrospective chart review was conducted of pediatric patients evaluated at a single institution for irritable hip or knee between 2009 and 2018. Patients who underwent arthrocentesis were included and the modified Kocher criteria were applied to all.Results:One hundred fifty-five patients (96 hips and 59 knees) were identified. One hundred four (67.1%) patients had septic arthritis with 44/59 (74.6%) of knees and 60/96 (62.5%) of hips. The strongest predictors for septic hip and knee were elevated C-reactive protein (odds ratio = 26.9, p < 0.0001) and refusal to bear weight (odds ratio = 14.5, p < 0.0001), respectively. For hips, 5/5 criteria produced a 100% positive predictive value for septic arthritis. For knees, the combination of inability to bear weight and elevated C-reactive protein had a positive predictive value of 89.7%.Conclusion:While all five of the modified Kocher criteria are not predictive of pediatric septic knee, the combination of two specific factors (inability to bear weight and elevated C-reactive protein) is strongly predictive. This study validates previous work that the modified Kocher criteria are predictive of septic hip.Level of evidence:level III     

Pathfinders in oncology from the end of the 19th century to the first description of Ewing sarcoma

During the period 1884 to 1922, the only option in cases of operable cancers was radical surgery, and only a minority of patients were cured. Sporadic attempts were made to treat inoperable cancer patients with bacterial toxins; however, with the discovery of x-ray and radium, the era of radiation treatment as an alternative to surgery began. The discovery of transmissible cancers and experimental growth of cancer cells offered new information and not only led to a better understanding of the cellular composition of cancers but also yielded important information that ultimately paved the way to chemotherapy. These efforts also advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis of tumors and induced new clinical and pathologic classifications and subspecializations. It is important to emphasize that many of the initiatives and discoveries made in Europe in the second half of the 19th century were first put into clinical practice in the United States during the first 2 decades of the 20th century, including the use of x-ray and radium for irradiation and as diagnostic tools. All things considered, the progress made between 1884 and 1922 came about through the hard work of many eminent individuals; however, there were 7 foresighted pathfinders (3 surgeons, 2 pathologists, 1 internist, and 1 physicist) who—despite their widely diverse backgrounds, personalities, and expertise—made remarkable contributions to oncology to an extent that is still felt today.     

Emil Theodor Kocher—Valve surgery for epilepsy

Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917) was a pioneering and versatile Swiss surgeon who played a decisive role in the surgical evolution on the threshold to the 20th century. Apart from conducting intense research and fostering the development of the surgical treatment of thyroid gland diseases (honored with a Nobel Prize in 1909), he remained a generalist and was active in orthopedic, genitourinary, and neurologic surgery. Even today, many surgical techniques and instruments are still named after him, thus providing evidence of his great impact. His neurosurgical ambitions included, in particular, cerebral and spinal trauma, the pathophysiology of elevated intracranial pressure, as well as etiological considerations and the operative treatment of epilepsy. This article aims to shed light on Kocher’s work on epilepsy, published exclusively in German, and illustrates the development of his idea on valve surgery for recurrent general convulsions.