Breakfast in Latin America: Evaluation of Nutrient and Food Group Intake Toward a Nutrient-Based Recommendation

BackgroundLittle is known about breakfast habits of the Latin American (LA) population to support nutritional recommendations for a balanced breakfast in this region.ObjectiveTo evaluate the nutritional composition of breakfast in the LA population and to propose recommendations for a balanced breakfast.DesignThis multicenter cross-sectional study evaluated food and nutrient intake of nationally representative samples of urban populations of 8 LA countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) in 2014-2015.Participants/settingThe sample comprised 8714 participants from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, aged 15 to 65 years, randomly recruited according to geographical location, sex, age, and socioeconomic level.Main outcome measuresTwo 24-hour recalls were used to examine dietary intake. Breakfast consumers were stratified by tertiles of Nutrient-Rich Foods Index 9.3 (NRF9.3) to assess the overall diet quality of individuals. Nutrient intake at breakfast of those in the upper tertile of NRF9.3 pooled for the 8 countries was used as a reference for the development of recommendations for LA adolescents and adults.Statistical analysesComparison of food and nutrient intake of breakfast across NRF9.3 tertiles were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.ResultsOverall breakfast was an important contributor to protein, carbohydrate, and B vitamin intakes but also to added sugar and total and saturated fat intakes relative to daily intakes. Individuals in the upper NRF9.3 tertile had higher intake of key micronutrients such as calcium and potassium at breakfast compared with other tertiles. White breads/rolls/tortillas were the most consumed food group (60%), followed by butter/margarine (40%) and coffee/tea without milk (34%-50%).ConclusionsBreakfast contributed to the daily intake of B vitamins, protein, and carbohydrates but also added sugar and total and saturated fat intakes for all countries. The proposed recommendations support the nutrient density of existing highest-quality breakfast in the LA population while addressing concerns about nutrients to be encouraged or reduced.     

Allergen avoidance in the secondary and tertiary prevention of allergic diseases: does it work?

Although allergen avoidance is widely recommended as part of a secondary and tertiary prevention strategy for allergic diseases, a clear-cut demonstration of its effectiveness is still lacking. Ongoing observational secondary prevention cohorts show that sensitisation to mite can be prevented in the short term by allergen avoidance measures, but further follow-up of these children is needed to show if this effect can be sustained, as well as to ascertain its impact on allergic disease. More well-designed trials are still required before we can give any conclusive advice to our patients. Considering the management of allergy, current evidence suggests that interventions in children (either single or multifaceted) may be associated with some beneficial effect on asthma control, but no conclusive evidence exists regarding rhinitis or eczema. Conversely, there is little evidence to support the recommendation of allergen avoidance methods in adults with asthma and rhinitis. There is a need for an adequately designed trial assessing the effects of a multifaceted intervention in this age group.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法同时测定食品中砷和铅

目的 :建立一种同时测定食品中微量砷和铅的方法。方法 :采用灰化法消解样品 ,氢化物原子荧光法同时测定食品中微量砷和铅。结果 :方法检出限砷和铅分别为 0 .30 μg/ L 和 0 .32 μg/ L;砷和铅的回收率分别为 85 .2 %～ 10 8%和89.7%～ 10 3.3% ;相对标准偏差分别为 2 .0 %～ 5 .1%和 3.2 %～ 5 .5 %。结论 :食品中微量砷和铅可以用氢化物原子荧光法同时测定     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中四种黄曲霉毒素的方法探讨

目的：建立一种快速、灵敏、简便的高效液相色谱（HPLC）同时测定食品中黄曲霉毒素（AFT）B1、B2、G1和G2的方法。方法：样品经振荡提取，多功能净化柱净化，三氟乙酸衍生后，选用ZORBAX XDB-C18分离柱，用乙腈-水（23＋77）作流动相，于20℃以下等度洗脱，经荧光检测器测定后，以保留时间定性，用峰面积或峰高定量。结果：20分钟内可完成AFr4种组分的分离。检出限分别是，B1为0．042ng，B2、G1和G2为0．08ng。回收率为83．4％～103．1％，r〉0．9995。结论：经振荡提取、多功能净化柱净化后，用荧光检测器同时测定食品中黄曲霉毒素（AFT）B1、B2、G1和G2的高效液相色谱方法快速、灵敏、简便。     

2013—2020年辽宁红沿河核电站周围地区的食品放射性水平及公众内照射剂量研究

目的 评价辽宁红沿河核电站运行后对周边地区食品放射性水平的影响。方法 通过对2013年至2020年核电站运行期间周边30 km范围内食品放射性水平的分析,对比核电站运行前后及对照点的放射性水平,评估核电站的运行对当地食品放射性水平的影响。结果 当地食品中未发现¹³¹I、¹³⁴Cs、⁶⁰Co、⁵⁸Co、¹¹⁰Ag^m等人工放射性核素,天然放射性核素²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K均在正常本底水平,平均值分别为（0.088±0.053）、（0.155±0.178）、（0.314±0.388）和（81.3±18.1） Bq/kg （鲜重）。食品样品中人工放射性¹³⁷Cs活度浓度平均值为（0.013±0.010） Bq/kg （鲜重）。与对照点及运行前水平比较,放射性核素水平未见增加。结论 红沿河核电站的运行未对周边食品放射性水平带来影响。     

Locust bean gum safety in neonates and young infants: An integrated review of the toxicological database and clinical evidence

Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan polysaccharide used as thickener in infant formulas with the therapeutic aim to treat uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Since its use in young infants below 12 weeks of age is not explicitly covered by the current scientific concept of the derivation of health based guidance values, the present integrated safety review aimed to compile all the relevant preclinical toxicological studies and to combine them with substantial evidence gathered from the clinical paediatric use as part of the weight of evidence supporting the safety in young infants below 12 weeks of age. LBG was demonstrated to have very low toxicity in preclinical studies mainly resulting from its indigestible nature leading to negligible systemic bioavailability and only possibly influencing tolerance. A standard therapeutic level of 0.5 g/100 mL in thickened infant formula is shown to confer a sufficiently protective Margin of Safety. LBG was not associated with any adverse toxic or nutritional effects in healthy term infants, while there are limited case-reports of possible adverse effects in preterms receiving the thickener inappropriately. Altogether, it can be concluded that LBG is safe for its intended therapeutic use in term-born infants to treat uncomplicated regurgitation from birth onwards.     

食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸的测定方法改进

[目的]对食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸测定的前处理进行改进,以达到样品中待测组分提取完全,操作简便。[方法]于2004年3月对GB/T5009.29-2003食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸测定方法中前处理用分液漏斗代替比色管、提取由两次改为三次、提取残渣用丙酮直接定容。[结果]改进法回收率90.3%～96.8%、最低检出浓度0.012g/kg、RSD<6.4%。[结论]改进法操做简便、准确,灵敏度、准确度均符合实验要求。     

高效液相色谱法检测食品中氨基酸的方法研究

目的应用高效液相色谱法测定食品中氨基酸。方法使用带自动衍生功能的自动进样器进行在线衍生，梯度分离，利用二极管阵列一荧光检测器串联分析。器联用技术能有效提高定性的可靠性和定量的准确性。确，结果满意。结果在线衍生技术克服了离线手工衍生的偏差，双检测结论研究的方法测定重复性好，灵敏度高，定性定量准