Professional development and leadership training opportunities for healthcare professionals

Background

Formal leadership training is a relatively recent addition to the educational armamentarium of the health care executive. Leadership training opportunities for physicians, surgeons, and scientists have gradually appeared over the past 15 to 20 years, but information about them has been scant, with few comprehensive reviews made available to the community at large. This article describes the major opportunities available to obtain formal and informal leadership training for careers in medical school administration. Programs that are specifically targeted to women are described in detail.

Data Sources

Information was obtained from the author's direct knowledge, direct communication with the leadership of each program, and the Web site of each sponsoring organization, when available.

Conclusions

Many opportunities for leadership training are now available to surgeons, with several specifically designed for women. The author strongly encourages surgeons to avail themselves of these opportunities, as both anecdotal information and published data suggest that these programs are highly effective in enhancing leadership careers.     

Executive Summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on Body Composition

There have been many scientific advances in measurement of fat and lean body mass as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) convened a Position Development Conference (PDC) on the use of DXA for body composition measurement. Previously, no guidelines to the use of DXA for body composition existed. The recommendations pertain to clinically relevant issues regarding DXA indications of use, acquisition, analysis, quality control, interpretation, and reporting were addressed. The topics and questions for consideration were developed by the ISCD Board of Directors and the Scientific Advisory Committee and were designed to address the needs of clinical practitioners. Three Task Forces were created and assigned these questions and asked to conduct comprehensive literature reviews. The Task Forces included participants from 6 countries and a variety of interests including academic institutions, private clinics, and industry. Reports with proposed Position Statements were then presented to an international panel of experts with backgrounds in DXA and bone densitometry and a variety of fields that use body composition measures. The PDC was held in Tampa, FL, contemporaneously with the Annual Meeting of the ISCD, March 21 through March 23, 2013. This report describes the methodology of the 2013 ISCD Body Composition PDC and summarizes the results. Three separate articles in this issue will detail the rationale, discussion, and additional research topics for each question the Task Forces addressed.     

改变体位联合 CT 靶扫描对特殊部位肺结节的诊断价值

目的：探讨改变体位联合C T靶扫描技术在特殊部位肺结节诊断中的价值。方法对22例行常规胸部C T扫描发现的位于心脏旁和后肋膈角的肺结节患者,增加改变体位及CT 靶扫描,记录2种扫描方法所得的图像的信噪比（SNR）和对比信噪比（CNR）,从肺野充气膨胀程度、伪影严重程度、肺血坠积效应3方面主观评价图像质量,对比分析2种扫描方法对病灶CT征象的显示情况,评价医师对肺结节的诊断信心度,并进行统计学分析。结果与常规胸部CT 扫描靶重建相比,改变体位靶扫描的图像质量主观评分提高（P＜0．01）,图像的SNR和CNR增加（P＜0．05）,对病灶CT征象显示情况得分提高（P＜0．05）,诊断信心度增加（P＜0．01）。结论改变体位联合CT靶扫描技术可以使结节征象显示更清楚,应作为心脏旁和后肋膈角肺结节的最佳扫描方法。     

颈椎病的屈伸位MRI研究

目的初步描述颈椎病人椎管狭窄在屈伸位MRI上的动态改变。方法54例颈椎病病人,均接受中立、前屈及后伸位MRI,在不同体位下,观察颈椎病人颈椎曲度、稳定性及椎间盘突出位置,分析前屈及后伸位时椎管狭窄程度的变化。结果颈椎病病人后伸位上出现椎管狭窄的数量(29/54)较前屈位(11/54)明显多(P<0.01),8例在前屈或后伸位上椎管狭窄程度无明显变化,6例前屈及后伸位时,蛛网膜下腔变窄程度均较中立位时重。结论屈伸位MRI可在人体动态下为研究颈椎病病人颈椎及其周围关系提供更多的功能性信息。     

术中头部体位对强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎后凸畸形患者后路截骨矫形时唤醒试验的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨术中头部体位对强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）胸腰椎后凸畸形患者经椎弓根椎体截骨（pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO）时唤醒时间及苏醒质量的影响。方法：选取2005年5月~2012年11月在我院行PSO的35例AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者,分为头部抬高体位组（抬高组）和头部未抬高体位组（未抬高组）。两组患者麻醉方式、麻醉诱导用药和维持用药均相同,同时用脑电双频指数（bispectral index,BIS）监测麻醉深度使其保持一致,比较抬高组和未抬高组患者PSO术中唤醒时间及苏醒质量（采用Imani等分级标准分级）。结果：所有患者术中唤醒试验均成功。抬高组患者的术中唤醒时间为24.9±5.13min,未抬高组为39.8±9.41min,两组差异有显著性（P<0.05）。唤醒试验中,抬高组1例、未抬高组5例患者突然睁眼,并伴有四肢不自主活动,苏醒质量为2级,其余29例患者苏醒质量均为1级。抬高组患者术后颜面部及球结膜水肿的外观表现均较未抬高组轻。结论：AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者PSO术中头部抬高体位可以缩短术中唤醒时间、提高患者的苏醒质量。     

低能量多方位体外震波治疗泌尿系结石（附1136例报告）

本文报道1998年5月～2005年10月采用低能量多方位治疗泌尿系结石1136例的经验。结石碎石率为98．4％，震波电压为55～7.7Kv，震波次数为1500～2500次之间。治疗一次者983例，二次为113例，三次为20例，四次为2例，失败18例。本文就低电压多个方位体外震波进行讨论。     

Patient positioning and the accuracy of pulmonary artery pressure measurements (180f)

The measurement of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) is a common nursing practice in hemodynamic monitoring of patients in the emergency room and intensive care unit. Several researchers have proposed that PAP should be measured with the patient in a supine position with legs horizontal in order to promote a relaxed state. The most widely used reference point is the phlebostatic axis, which is located at the intersection of the fourth intercostal space and the midchest level. However, this positioning requirement is in conflict with one of the goals of nursing care, which is to achieve comfortable positioning of the patient without compromising respiratory or cardiovascular function. In addition, since frequent readings are necessary, critically ill patients can lose valuable sleep time. The existing literature still fails to justify the validity of the phlebostatic axis as an external reference point for leveling the pressure transducer. In addition, findings on the accuracy of readings obtained in the supine, Fowler's and lateral recumbent positions are also in conflict. This paper reviewed research related to measurement of PAP in the supine, various Fowler's, and lateral positions in order to clarify the major factors which might have resulted in the conflicts in data on PAP measurements. Suggestions are also provided for nurse clinicians to obtain more accurate PAP measurements.     

应用不同影像学检查方法评估椎弓根螺钉位置的研究

目的研究X线片、CT和MRI对术后胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉位置的影像判断特点,选择判断椎弓根螺钉位置准确性的最佳方法。方法选取6具正常成人尸体脊柱标本（T9-L5）,分别将108个钛合金的椎弓根螺钉植入标本椎弓根,然后分别摄X线片、CT和MRI扫描。随后由不知情的第三者阅片判断各个椎弓钉位置,再逐个轴位横断解剖脊柱标本以检查螺钉的实际植入位置。最后,评估各种评判方案的准确度。结果X线片组、CT组、MRI组和X线片加CT加MRI联合组的判定灵敏度分别是93.68%、95.79%、93.68%和97.89%。其判定特异度分别是23.08%、5 3.85%、46.15%和33.33%、63.64%、50.00%和81.82%。综合判定X线片组、CT组、MRI组和X线片加CT加MRI联合组的准确度分别是85.19%、90.74%、87.96%和94.44%。结论对于常规胸腰椎术后患者,单纯应用X线片判定术后椎弓根螺钉位置准确性是比较可靠的,但对于术后出现神经症状者应联合应用X线片加CT加MRI,以提高准确性。