Restoration of disturbed respiration in cats by thyrotrophin releasing hormone

Department of Physiology of Man and Animals, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow University. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR I. P. Ashmarin.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 17–19, July, 1988.     

Celiac vagotomy attenuates the ingestive responses to epinephrine and hypertonic saline but not insulin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, or polyethylene glycol

The ingestive responses of rats given celiac vagotomy (C), combined celiac and hepatic vagotomy (CH), or low total vagotomy (removal of all tissue from around the esophagus, stomach and duodenum; LT) were compared with sham operated controls (S) in a series of regulatory challenges. The vagotomized groups responded normally to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG; 125, 250, 500 mg/kg, IP), insulin (4, 8, 12 U/kg, IP), and polyethylene glycol (10 ml/kg: 30% w/v, SC), but displayed attenuated responses to epinephrine (40, 80, 120 micrograms/kg, IP) and hypertonic saline (10 ml/kg: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 M, IP). These results can be interpreted as evidence that the celiac vagus carries a major component of hepatic afferent innervation. Additionally, when considered with other findings they suggest that whereas the anorectic activity of epinephrine is mostly confined to the liver, 2DG hyperphagia involves stimulation of a wider population of peripheral metabolic receptors.     

Intracerebroventricularly administered corticotropin-releasing factor releases somatostatin through a cholinergic,vagal pathway in freely fed rats

The aim of this study was to investigate whether corticotropin-releasing factor influences the plasma levels of somatostatin, gastrin or cholecystokinin when administered intracerebroventricularly to rats, and if such an effect could be vagally mediated, and dependent on the animals feeding states. Anaesthetized, freely fed rats were given 5 μl intracerebroventricular injections of corticotropin-releasing factor in four doses; 10 pmol-1.28 nmol. Immediately following death, trunk blood was collected for subsequent peptide analysis with radioimmunoassay (RIA). The three higher doses of corticotropin-releasing factor elevated the plasma levels of somatostatin (P < 0.01) after 20 min but left the plasma levels of gastrin and cholecystokinin unchanged. Intraperitoneal injections of 60 and 320 pmol of corticotropin-releasing factor did not influence the somatostatin levels. Further, intracerebroventricular injections of 60 pmol of corticotropin-releasing factor produced a peak increase in somatostatin after 20 min (P < 0.01). After 60 min the somatostatin levels were still increased (P < 0.05). Gastrin and cholecystokinin remained unaltered at these timepoints. Intracerebroventricular administration of 10 nmol of a-helical corticotropin-releasing factor 9–41 attenuated the basal levels of somatostatin and blocked the corticotropin-releasing factor-induced rise in somatostatin. Bilateral truncal vagotomy, as well as pretreatment with atropine (0.05 mg kg^-1, subcutaneously) abolished the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on somatostatin. In animals which were food-deprived for 24 h, corticotropin-releasing factor did not influence somatostatin, gastrin or cholecystokinin. Pretreatment with cholecystokinin did not potentiate corticotropin-releasing factor-induced somatostatin release in food-deprived rats. These findings suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor acting within the central nervous system may regulate gastrointestinal functions partially through a cholinergic, vagally mediated release of somatostatin in freely fed, but not in food-deprived rats.     

Effect of vagotomy on acute pancreatitis in rats

Acute pancreatitis ( AP) is a common surgicalabdomen,which has a high mortality,especiallyhemorrhagic necrotic pancreatitis.Many things areunknown for its pathogen,pathogenesis and clinicaltreatment.Restraining secretion of pancreatin so asto decrease its complication is used now in clinicalpractice[1] .A lot of information indicates that vagushas directdomination on exocrine of pancreas[2 ] .Thepurpose of this study was to investigate whether thevagotomy ( VG) had effect on AP in rats.1　M…     

Gastric Bypass Distal Roux-en-Y Jejunal Interposition with Selective Proximal Vagotomy and Posterior Truncal Vagotomy

Selective proximal vagotomy and posterior truncal vagotomy have been performed in 71 consecutive gastric bypass (GBP) patients from June 1991 to December 1992. Vagotomy was used to prevent or diminish the incidence of marginal ulcer in GBP patients. Anterior and posterior highly selective proximal vagotomy with circular-instrument stapled gastrojejunostomy in patients undergoing GBP distal Roux-en-Y with jejunal interposition had no marginal ulcer complications (minimal follow-up 18 months).     

胃选择性迷走神经切断对大鼠肝再生的影响——肝细胞体积、数量和DNA含量的研究

探讨胃选择性迷走神经切断对大鼠再生肝细胞体积、数量和ＤＮＡ含量的影响。分别测定大鼠胃选择性迷走神经切断加肝叶大部分切除及肝叶大部分切除术后７ ｄ 再生肝ＤＮＡ含量、肝细胞数和体积。用多功能显微图像测量仪测定切片中肝细胞和肝细胞核面积及肝细胞核直径。按体视学方法测算整个肝脏的肝细胞数。用细胞分光光度技术测定切片中单个肝细胞ＤＮＡ 含量。结果表明, 胃选择性迷走神经切断加肝叶大部分切除组大鼠肝细胞ＤＮＡ含量、数量及体积均较单纯肝叶切除组增加 （Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。提示胃选择性迷走神经切断对大鼠肝再生过程有一定的促进作用。     

Ergebnisse der selektiv proximalen vagotomie nach 13 Jahren

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Langzeitergebnisse von 216 Patienten berichtet, bei denen zwischen 1970 und 1978 wegen eines Ulcus duodeni eine selektiv proximale Vagotomie (SPV) vorgenommen wurde. Die mittlere Nachbeobachtungszeit beträgt 12,8 Jahre (8,3–15). 26 Patienten erlitten ein symptomatisches Ulkusrezidiv (12%)4–135 Monate postoperativ, die kumulative Rezidivrate beträgt 20,3 % nach 13 Jahren (Kaplan-Meier). Säuresekretionsmessungen ergaben eine mittlere Reduktion der basalen (BAO) und mittleren stimulierten Sekretionswerte (MAO) von 80,7 bzw. 74,8 % ohne Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit und ohne Rezidiv. Das Rezidivrisiko war für Ulcus duodeni (22 von 194) und pylorische Geschwüre (4 von 22) vergleichbar, ebenso fanden sich keine Unterschiede bezüglich dem Geschlecht, einer zusätzlichen Drainage-Operation, dem Rauchverhalten, akuter oder elektiver Operation und erstem oder Rezidivgeschwür. Nach der Operation komplizierter Ulzera war das Rezidivrisiko tendentiell höher (p 0,07). 78,5% der Patienten erreichten ein (sehr) gutes funktionelles Langzeitergebnis (Visick I oder II), nur 6% mußten als Visick III eingestuft werden. Die SPV kann daher als ein ungeachtet der Patienten-Compliance wirksames und wertvolles Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung des Ulcus duodeni erachtet werden.

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Results of highly selective vagotomy after 13 years

Summary This study reports the long-term results of 216 patients after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) for duodenal ulcers operated from 1970 through 1978 with a mean follow-up of 12.8 years (8.3–15). 26 patients developed symptomatic ulcer recurrences (12%) within 4 to 135 months following surgery, the cumulative recurrence rate (Kaplan-Meier) at 13 years was 20.3%. Acidity analyses showed a postoperative mean reduction of basal acid output (BAO) and maximal acid output (MAO) values of 80.7 % and 74.8 % respectively with no differences according to recurrences. The risk of recurrence was similar for duodenal (22/194) and pyloric ulcers (4/22) and no differences were found with respect to sex, additional drainage procedure, smoking habits, acute or elective operation and first or recurrent ulcers. Risk was slightly higher for complicated ulcers (p 0.07), but without reaching statistical significance. 78.5% of patients showed (very) good results (Visick I or II), only 6% were Visick III. HSV is therefore regarded as a valuable therapeutic measure for the treatment of duodenal ulcer independent of patient compliance.

     

Dietary Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Induces Satiation by Enhancing the Postprandial Activation of Vagal Afferent Nerves

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is present in the mammalian brain as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and in foods. It is widely used as a supplement that regulates brain function through stress-reducing and sleep-enhancing effects. However, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, as it is reportedly unable to cross the blood–brain barrier. Here, we explored whether a single peroral administration of GABA affects feeding behavior as an evaluation of brain function and the involvement of vagal afferent nerves. Peroral GABA at 20 and 200 mg/kg immediately before refeeding suppressed short-term food intake without aversive behaviors in mice. However, GABA administration 30 min before refeeding demonstrated no effects. A rise in circulating GABA concentrations by the peroral administration of 200 mg/kg GABA was similar to that by the intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg GABA, which did not alter feeding. The feeding suppression by peroral GABA was blunted by the denervation of vagal afferents. Unexpectedly, peroral GABA alone did not alter vagal afferent activities histologically. The coadministration of a liquid diet and GABA potentiated the postprandial activation of vagal afferents, thereby enhancing postprandial satiation. In conclusion, dietary GABA activates vagal afferents in collaboration with meals or meal-evoked factors and regulates brain function including feeding behavior.     

Bilateral vagotomy attenuates the severity of secretagogue-induced acute pancreatitis in the rat

PurposeWe assessed the effect of bilateral vagotomy (BV) on the course of acute caerulein-induced pancreatitis (AP) in the rat.Material/methodsThe study was performed on Wistar rats surgically prepared by subdiaphragmatic BV. Control group underwent sham operation. Four days later, AP was induced by subcutaneous injection of caerulein (25 μg/kg/5 h) to the conscious animals with or without BV. After administration of caerulein the blood samples were taken for determination of serum lipase activity and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentration. Pancreatic tissue samples were subjected to histological examinations and to the measurement of lipid peroxidation products (MDA + 4-HNE) concentration and the activity of an antioxidant enzyme – glutathione peroxidase (GPx). After application of caerulein pancreatic blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry.ResultsAP was manifested by oedema and neutrophil infiltration of the pancreatic tissue and accompanied by significant increases of serum lipase activity, serum concentration of IL-10 and pancreatic concentration of MDA + 4HNE (ca. 50×, 2× and 4× respectively p ≥ 0.05). Pancreatic activity of GPx and pancreatic blood flow were decreased (both by 60%). In vagotomised rats with AP serum lipase activity and pancreatic concentration of MDA + 4-HNE were lower whereas Il-10 concentration and pancreatic activity of GPx, as well as pancreatic blood flow were significantly higher as compared to AP rats with intact vagal nerves. In AP rats with vagotomy all histological signs of pancreatitis were significantly reduced.ConclusionsBilateral vagotomy resulted in the significant attenuation of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the rat.