Outward Currents in Rat Entorhinal Cortex Stellate Cells Studied with Conventional and Perforated Patch Recordings

We have studied outward currents of neurons acutely isolated from superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. If cells were held more negative than -50 mV, depolarizing voltage commands activated a transient A-type current together with a sustained outward current. Both currents were sensitive to 4-aminopyridine, while only the sustained current was blocked by tetraethylammonium. The sustained outward current showed a considerable rundown in amplitude over prolonged recording periods. At the same time its half-maximal inactivation shifted from -74 to -114 mV. Nystatin perforated patch recordings were used to minimize these perfusion effects. Under such conditions the amplitude and the steady-state inactivation properties of the sustained outward current remained stable for more than 1 h. Pharmacological investigations revealed that only a small part of the sustained outward current could be attributed to a calcium-activated potassium current. Therefore most of the rundown has to be due to changes in the delayed rectifier outward current. These results may suggest that the delayed rectifier current is under considerable metabolic control.     

比浊法测定制霉素含量的研究

目的:建立比浊法测定制霉素含量的方法。方法:菌种选用啤酒酵母菌,制霉素用磷酸盐缓冲液稀释成30u·mg~(-1)和40u·mg~(-1),培养温度:35℃,培养时间:6h。结果:实验表明,在该浓度下,线性良好,r=0.9972。结论:方法简便,快速,可靠。     

Diversity,frequency and antifungal resistance of Candida species in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To determine number, species of Candida and Candida resistance to antifungal therapy according to the metabolic control state and the associated salivary changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).

Materials and methods: Samples of non-stimulated saliva were collected from 52 patients with DM2. Salivary pH was measured and cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar and the values of CFU/ml were calculated. The species were presumptively identified using CHROMagar Candida^® plates, and identification was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). C. albicans isolates were cultured on SGA tetracycline agar with nystatin and fluconazole diffusion disks to measure susceptibility.

Results: Sixty six percent of the yeasts isolated were Candida albicans, followed by C. glabrata (20.7%). In patients with decompensated DM2, there was an inverse association between HbA1c value and salivary pH. At higher levels of salivary acidification, a greater diversity and quantity of yeasts of the genus Candida were observed. With nystatin, higher inhibition was observed at lower pH.

Conclusions: The antifungal therapies could be more effective if it consider, qualitative salivary characteristics as pH, that could determine the susceptibility of species of Candida to at least to nystatin, which is the most used antifungal for treatment to oral candidiasis in patients with DM2.     

保妇康栓联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素栓改善萎缩性阴道炎患者阴道镜检查效果的临床分析

目的探讨萎缩性阴道炎患者在阴道镜检查前应用保妇康栓联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素栓治疗对阴道镜检查效果的改善情况。方法将2015年1-12月来我院宫颈病变门诊的150例萎缩性阴道炎患者随机平均分为2组,观察组实行硝呋太尔制霉菌素栓与保妇康栓治疗,对照组实行保妇康栓治疗。比较两组的临床效果。结果治疗后,观察组的有效率高于对照组(94.7%vs.82.7%,P<0.05)。观察组和对照组的不良反应率分别为2.7%和9.3%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论绝经期患者在阴道镜检查前使用保妇康栓联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素栓治疗萎缩性阴道炎安全有效,有助于提高阴道镜检查的满意度。     

Maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias: A population‐based case‐control study

The birth prevalence of hypospadias increased in Hungary during the last decades, thus the aim of this study was to analyze the possible role of maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias (IHS). The incidence/prevalence of acute and chronic maternal diseases with related drug treatments were compared in the mothers of cases with IHS, population controls without defect and malformed controls affected with other isolated abnormalities in the population‐based Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities including 3038 cases with IHS, 24 814 population male controls without any defects and 11 096 malformed male controls with other isolated defect. Among exposures, prospective medically recorded chronic diseases and medically recorded or retrospective maternal information regarding acute diseases and drug treatments were evaluated in the study groups. Maternal epilepsy due to the treatment of valproate (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.97, 1.07–3.61) and cervical erosion (4.09, 1.84–9.12) were associated with a higher risk of IHS. In addition, there was an association of oral nystatin (1.94, 1.22–3.09), lynestrenol (26.66, 8.69–81.80) and ethynilestradiol (3.51, 1.61–7.67) treatments in the mothers of cases with a higher risk for IHS. In conclusion, maternal cervical erosion, valproate, nystatin, lynestrenol and ethynilestradiol associated with a higher risk for IHS.     

Effect of Prophylactic Ketoconazole and Nystatin on Fungal Flora

Summary: The effect of prophylactic antifungal drugs on oropharyngeal and anterior nares fungal colonization was studied in 20 patients receiving nystatin and 19 patients receiving ketoconazole. Surveillance cultures were obtained weekly for a mean of 27.1 ± 4.8 days in the nystatin group and 44.0 ±6.7 days in the ketoconazole group. Initially, 63.2% of nystatin patients and 77.8% of ketoconazole patients had yeasts in their oropharynx. Neither drug eliminated oropharyngeal yeast colonization; by the end of the first four weeks of surveillance, 66.7% of the nystatin group and 63.6% of the ketoconazole group still had yeasts in the oropharynx. However, both drugs caused a reduction in the quantity of yeasts grown on successive cultures. Filamentous fungi were isolated in baseline cultures in 42.1% of the nystatin patients and 33.3% of the ketoconazole patients. Prophylaxis did not appear to alter carriage of filamentous fungi in the upper airways. Pathogenic filamentous fungi were only rarely isolated, and this rate did not increase with prophylaxis. Resistance to polyene antifungals (nystatin, amphotericin B) or to ketoconazole did not occur as a result of prophylaxis. Zusammenfassung: Untersuchung über die Pilzflora im Oropharynx und im vorderen Nasenraum unter dem Einfluß einer prophylaktischen antimykotischen Behandlung. 20 Patienten erhielten Nystatin und 19 Patienten Ketoconazol. Wöchentliche Kontrollkulturen wurden in der Nystatin-Gruppe über einen durchschnittlichen Zeitraum von 27,1 ± 4,8 Tagen und in der Ketoconazol-Gruppe über 44,0 ± 6,7 Tage durchgeführt. Zu Beginn der Untersuchung hatten 63,2% der Nystatin-Patienten und 77,8% der Ketoconazol-Patienten Hefen im Oropharynx. Keines der beiden Antimykotika eliminierte die oropharyngeale Hefebesiedlung. Nach 4wöchiger Beobachtung wurden Hefen in der Nystatin-Gruppe bei 76,7% und in der Ketoconazol-Gruppe bei 63,6% im Oropharynx festgestellt. Durch beide Antimykotika wurde jedoch eine Verringerung der kulturell nachweisbaren Hefemengen hervorgerufen. Schimmelpilze fanden sich zu Beginn der Untersuchung bei 42,1% der Nystatin-Patienten und bei 33,3% der Ketoconazol-Patienten. Unter der prophylaktischen Behandlung war keine Verringerung des Vorkommens derartiger Pilze in den oberen Luftwegen feststellbar. Pathogene Schimmelpilze wurden nur sehr selten isoliert und das Vorkommen dieser Pilze stieg unter der prophylaktischen Behandlung nicht an. Eine Resistenz gegenüber Polyen-Antimykotika (Nystatin, Amphotericin B) oder Ketoconazol trat unter der prophylaktischen Behandlung nicht auf.     

Effect of an antifungal denture liner on the saliva yeast count in patients with denture stomatitis: a pilot study

Summary  Although in vitro studies on the release of antifungal agents from tissue conditioners have been done, no in vivo research on the topic could be found. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo effect of an antifungal agent released from a tissue conditioner on the salivary yeast count. Forty edentulous patients with denture stomatitis caused by Candida albicans were divided in two groups. Group 1 (control) was treated with a tissue conditioner only. Group 2 was treated with a tissue conditioner incorporating 500 000 U nystatin. Oral rinses were performed by both groups before treatment and every second day during treatment for a period of 14 days. Total yeast counts of the oral rinses were performed and the averages and standard deviations for both groups calculated and logarithm-transformed data of the counts over time were statistically analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The average oral rinse yeast count of the control group decreased up to day 4. Thereafter, the count increased till the end of the test period. At day 14, the oral rinse yeast level was higher than the pre-treatment level. The average yeast count of the test group decreased up to day 7. Thereafter, the count increased but remained significantly lower ( P  = 0·01) than the control group and did not return to its pre-treatment level. A nystatin-containing short-term denture liner significantly decreases the salivary yeast count of patients with denture stomatitis compared with a liner without nystatin.     

绝经期后阴道炎药物治疗效果分析

目的探讨乳酸杆菌活菌胶囊(阴道用)联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗绝经期后阴道炎(老年性阴道炎)的临床疗效。方法老年性阴道炎门诊患者362例随机分为观察组和对照组各181例。观察组予乳酸杆菌活菌胶囊(阴道用)联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗;对照组单纯使用硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗。比较2组临床疗效与复发率。结果 2组总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组复发率为0低于对照组的11.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论乳酸杆菌活菌胶囊(阴道用)联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗老年性阴道炎疗效显著且不易复发,效果优于单纯使用硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊,值得临床推广应用。     

难治性根尖炎根管消毒的临床效果观察

目的:观察复方氯已定与制霉菌素混合物作为难治性感染根尖周炎根管消毒药物的临床效果.方法:对100颗难治性根尖周炎的患牙做常规根管处理后,分别选用复方氯已定、制霉菌素混合物和fc消毒根管,1周复诊,观察临床症状.结果:试验组成功84％,对照组成功50％,试验组较对照组成功差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).绪论:对于难治性感染根尖周炎根管消毒,使用复方氯已定及制霉菌素混合物棉捻是一种高效安全的消毒方法.