扰相梯度双回波序列与3D-TOF-MRA及SWI在显示正常颅内主要动、静脉的比较

目的探讨磁共振扰相梯度双回波序列（dual-echo sequence）同时获得动脉成像及静脉成像的能力。方法选取11例健康志愿者行双回波序列、3D-TOF-MRA及SWI序列检查。将双回波序列所获得的动脉成像对大脑前、中、后动脉各段显示效果与3D-TOF-MRA成像效果比较;同时所获得的静脉成像对脑深部静脉的显示效果与SWI成像效果比较。结果双回波与3D-TOFMRA序列对双侧大脑前动脉A1～A4段、大脑中动脉M1～M2段、大脑后动脉P1～P3段显示效果无明显差异（P〉0．05）。两成像方法对双侧大脑前动脉A5段、大脑中动脉M3段、M4段、M5段及大脑后动脉P4段显示效果具有明显统计学差异（P〈0．05）,31）-TOFMRA序列对以上动脉段的显示效果优于双回波序列。双回波序列与SWI序列对大脑大静脉、双侧大脑内静脉、双侧透明隔静脉、双侧丘纹上静脉的显示效果无明显差异（P〉0．05）。而两成像序列对双侧脉络膜静脉的显示效果具有明显统计学差异（P〈0．01）,SWI序列对其显示效果优于双回波序列。结论双回波序列适合于检出多数大脑内动、静脉,但对小的动脉远端检查以常规31）一TOF—MRA为好;双回波序列亦适合检出多数脑深部静脉,但对于微小静脉的检出以常规SWI更好。     

Evaluation of single bolus,dual-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI protocols in brain tumor patients

Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) obtained from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI is adversely impacted by contrast agent leakage in brain tumors. Using simulations, we previously demonstrated that multi-echo DSC-MRI protocols provide improvements in contrast agent dosing, pulse sequence flexibility, and rCBV accuracy. The purpose of this study is to assess the in-vivo performance of dual-echo acquisitions in patients with brain tumors (n = 59). To verify pulse sequence flexibility, four single-dose dual-echo acquisitions were tested with variations in contrast agent dose, flip angle, and repetition time, and the resulting dual-echo rCBV was compared to standard single-echo rCBV obtained with preload (double-dose). Dual-echo rCBV was comparable to standard double-dose single-echo protocols (mean (standard deviation) tumor rCBV 2.17 (1.28) vs. 2.06 (1.20), respectively). High rCBV similarity was observed (CCC = 0.96), which was maintained across both flip angle (CCC = 0.98) and repetition time (CCC = 0.96) permutations, demonstrating that dual-echo acquisitions provide flexibility in acquisition parameters. Furthermore, a single dual-echo acquisition was shown to enable quantification of both perfusion and permeability metrics. In conclusion, single-dose dual-echo acquisitions provide similar rCBV to standard double-dose single-echo acquisitions, suggesting contrast agent dose can be reduced while providing significant pulse sequence flexibility and complementary tumor perfusion and permeability metrics.     

Glycogenic hepatopathy: A narrative review

Glycogenic hepatopathy(GH) is a rare complication of the poorly controlled diabetes mellitus characterized by the transient liver dysfunction with elevated liver enzymes and associated hepatomegaly caused by the reversible accumulation of excess glycogen in the hepatocytes. It is predominantly seen in patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes mellitus and rarely reported in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although it was first observed in the pediatric population, since then, it has been reported in adolescents and adults with or without ketoacidosis. The association of GH with hyperglycemia in diabetes has not been well established. One of the essential elements in the pathophysiology of development of GH is the wide fluctuation in both glucose and insulin levels. GH and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) are clinically indistinguishable, and latter is more prevalent in diabetic patients and can progress to advanced liver disease and cirrhosis. Gradient dual-echo MRI can distinguish GH from NAFLD; however, GH can reliably be diagnosed only by liver biopsy. Adequate glycemic control can result in complete remission of clinical, laboratory and histological abnormalities. There has been a recent report of varying degree of liver fibrosis identified in patients with GH. Future studies are required to understand the biochemical defects underlying GH, noninvasive, rapid diagnostic tests for GH, and to assess the consequence of the fibrosis identified as severe fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis. Awareness of this entity in the medical community including specialists is low. Here we briefly reviewed the English literature on pathogenesis involved, recent progress in the evaluation, differential diagnosis, and management.