《内经》俞、输、腧探源

《素问》用“俞”，《灵枢》用“输”与“腧”表示腧穴，三字用法基本相同。“俞”源于用船运送，“输”源于用车运送，均引申为转运气血的穴位。“腧”是“俞”的今字，其字形代表的意义最符合中医学中腧穴的含义。应以“腧”作为规范的词语，表示腧穴的各种意义。     

Active Case Finding of Current Bornavirus Infections in Human Encephalitis Cases of Unknown Etiology,Germany, 2018–2020

Human bornavirus encephalitis is a severe and often fatal infection caused by variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) and Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). We conducted a prospective study of bornavirus etiology of encephalitis cases in Germany during 2018–2020 by using a serologic testing scheme applied along proposed graded case definitions for VSBV-1, BoDV-1, and unspecified bornavirus encephalitis. Of 103 encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, 4 bornavirus infections were detected serologically. One chronic case was caused by VSBV-1 after occupational-related contact of a person with exotic squirrels, and 3 acute cases were caused by BoDV-1 in virus-endemic areas. All 4 case-patients died. Bornavirus etiology could be confirmed by molecular methods. Serologic testing for these cases was virus specific, discriminatory, and a practical diagnostic option for living patients if no brain tissue samples are available. This testing should be guided by clinical and epidemiologic suspicions, such as residence in virus-endemic areas and animal exposure.     

What's in a name? Justifying terminology for genomic findings beyond the initial test indication: A scoping review

Genome sequencing can generate findings beyond the initial test indication that may be relevant to a patient or research participant’s health. In the decade since the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics published its recommendations for reporting these findings, consensus regarding terminology has remained elusive and a variety of terms are in use globally. We conducted a scoping review to explore terminology choice and the justifications underlying those choices. Documents were included if they contained a justification for their choice of term(s) related to findings beyond the initial genomic test indication. From 3571 unique documents, 52 were included, just over half of which pertained to the clinical context (n = 29, 56%). We identified four inter-related concepts used to defend or oppose terms: expectedness of the finding, effective communication, relatedness to the original test indication, and how genomic information was generated. A variety of justifications were used to oppose the term “incidental,” whereas “secondary” had broader support as a term to describe findings deliberately sought. Terminology choice would benefit from further work to include the views of patients. We contend that clear definitions will improve ethical debate and support communication about genomic findings beyond the initial test indication.     

老年冠心病患者益处发现体验的质性研究

目的探讨老年冠心病患者的益处发现体验。方法 2016年12月至2017年1月,采用目的抽样法选取上海市某三级甲等医院心内科收治的老年冠心病患者11例为研究对象。采用现象学研究方法,对其进行半结构访谈,采用Colaizzi 7步分析法分析访谈资料,提炼出主题。结果患者的益处发现表现为感恩、新的生活哲学、新的可能性、领悟社会支持、健康相关行为改变及利他行为等6个主题。结论医护人员应该具有心理护理的相关知识,能够识别患者益处发现的表现,可以通过增加患者对疾病的认知,改变患者的行为,从而促进患者体验到更多的益处发现,进而促进患者良好的心理适应,提高其遵医依从性,改善身心健康。     

A simple Bayesian decision‐theoretic design for dose‐finding trials

A flexible and simple Bayesian decision‐theoretic design for dose‐finding trials is proposed in this paper. In order to reduce the computational burden, we adopt a working model with conjugate priors, which is flexible to fit all monotonic dose‐toxicity curves and produces analytic posterior distributions. We also discuss how to use a proper utility function to reflect the interest of the trial. Patients are allocated based on not only the utility function but also the chosen dose selection rule. The most popular dose selection rule is the one‐step‐look‐ahead (OSLA), which selects the best‐so‐far dose. A more complicated rule, such as the two‐step‐look‐ahead, is theoretically more efficient than the OSLA only when the required distributional assumptions are met, which is, however, often not the case in practice. We carried out extensive simulation studies to evaluate these two dose selection rules and found that OSLA was often more efficient than two‐step‐look‐ahead under the proposed Bayesian structure. Moreover, our simulation results show that the proposed Bayesian method's performance is superior to several popular Bayesian methods and that the negative impact of prior misspecification can be managed in the design stage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Distress Questionnaire-5: Population screener for psychological distress was more accurate than the K6/K10

ObjectiveThe K6 and K10 are well-validated screening measures for psychological distress and are widely used. However, the accuracy of these scales in identifying common mental disorders may be suboptimal. This study aimed to develop a brief scale of psychological distress—the Distress Questionnaire-5 (DQ5)—and validate its diagnostic accuracy in identifying common mental disorders, relative to the K6 and K10.Study Design and SettingThe DQ5 was developed from a pool of 347 items reflecting a range of mental health symptoms. Validation of the DQ5 was conducted concurrently, on the basis of DSM-5 criteria for seven common mental disorders. A population-based sample of Australian adults (n = 3,175) was recruited online, with data weighted to reflect population estimates of disorder prevalence, age, and gender.ResultsAt specified cut points, the DQ5 was significantly more accurate in identifying individuals who met criteria for each of the disorders examined relative to the K6, with the exception of major depression where there was no significant difference in sensitivity or specificity.ConclusionThe DQ5 is a promising tool for identifying psychological distress in the community, with potential for use in a range of clinical settings.     

Rethinking Normal: Benefits and Risks of Not Reporting Harmless Incidental Findings

The authors explore the benefits and risks of not reporting imaging findings that do not have clinical relevance, with the goal of developing recommendations to reduce their reporting. The authors review the example of incidentally detected, simple renal cysts (Bosniak category I), including medicolegal conditions required for such a shift in reporting practices to be acceptable. The authors propose four potential criteria for not reporting clinically unimportant findings and recommend that these criteria be debated in other contexts, so that they can be refined and implemented.     

城市综合医院在肺结核病人发现中的作用

目的　评价城市综合医院在肺结核病人发现中的作用。方法 通过加强行政干预,充分利用现有医疗机构的人力、物力资源,在石嘴山市防疫站设立结核病中心登记室,在综合医院的传染科或肺科设立结核病发现治疗管理分中心。结果 石嘴山市新发涂阳登记率从1993年的3.42/10万上升到2000年的17/10万。结论 综合医院在结核病控制工作中可以发挥重要的作用。