临沂市改水效果及水源卫生防护状况调查

目的 了解临沂市改水效果及水源的卫生防护状况。方法 对临沂市改水前后水源的卫生防护状况进行了调查,并对自来水水质进行了监测。结果 与改水前比较,水源的卫生防护状况有很大改善;改水后水源水、出厂水、末梢水水质合格率分别为58．33％、67．80％、51．85％。均比改水前明显提高（P＜0．05）。改水后水质的主要超标项目为浑浊度,游度余氯、菌落总数和大肠菌群。结论 改水质自来水水质及水源及的卫生防护状况明显改善,水质主要受生活性污染,应加强对水源的卫生防护。     

铸铁和镀铬水龙头对过夜自来水水质的影响

[目的]探讨水龙头等涉水管件对生活饮用水水质的影响，为避免黄浊水对人体的危害，为制定生活饮用水涉水产品卫生安全标准提供科学依据。[方法]2004年在滨卅l市市区选择不同区域居室，采集铸铁水龙头和镀铬水龙头的水头水（自来水），检测铁、锌、锰、铜、铅、六价铬含量及色度、浑浊度。[结果]2种水龙头的水头水的色度、浑浊度均高于中段水；2种水龙头水头水和中段水中锰、铜、铅、六价铬含量的差异无统计学意义；2种水龙头水头水的铁、锌含量分别高于中段水；2种水龙头过夜水头水中铁、锌含量均与出水量呈负相关关系。[结论]水龙头的材质影响水头水中色度、浑浊度及铁、锌含量，建议使用卫生安全的供水管材和水龙头。     

Teaching caregivers to implement an augmentative and alternative communication intervention to an adult with ASD

Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems on improving communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and communication complex needs (CCN); however, few studies included adults with ASD. Also, there is a lack of research on primary caregiver implemented interventions with high treatment fidelity although primary caregiver-implemented interventions have been used effectively with adults with ASD and their families. This study investigated the accuracy of primary caregivers’ implementation of a tablet-computer based AAC system while they were providing instruction to an adult with ASD. Also, independent use of AAC system of the participant was examined. We implemented a multiple probe design across three instructional coaching steps to examine the accuracy of the caregivers’ AAC implementation. One adult with autism and CCN and his four primary caregivers participated in this study, twice a week for seven weeks. Both visual and statistical analyses were utilized. Results indicated that, with instructional coaching, all of the caregivers were able to implement the procedures of the AAC mode with the participant accurately, as demonstrated via visual inspection and statistical analyses. Nevertheless, there was little improvement in the participant's independent use of the AAC mode. Limitations and suggestions for future researchers are discussed.     

p63不同异构体表达模式对细胞周期特异性毒物诱导的肝癌细胞生长的影响

目的研究肝癌细胞中p63不同异构体表达模式对该细胞阿霉素敏感性的影响。方法用0（溶剂对照）、0.08、0.16、0.32、0.64和1.28μmol/L阿霉素处理对数生长期的p53基因缺失Hep3B细胞,采用MTT比色法检测Hep3B细胞的存活率变化,采用流式细胞术分析Hep3B细胞凋亡率变化,通过彗星实验评价Hep3B细胞DNA损伤水平,采用Western blott方法检测Hep3B细胞中TAp63、DNp63和Cytochrome c的蛋白水平。结果阿霉素处理后的Hep3B细胞存活率依次为89%、71%、54%、38%和22%;凋亡率依次为16%、28%、42%、56%和78%;Hep3B细胞DNA损伤程度依次为2.9、5.1、7.2、9.4和12.1;上调了TAp63和Cytochrome c蛋白表达水平,而DNp63蛋白表达水平则无显著变化,使得TAp63/DNp63比值随之显著升高。结论 TAp63/DNp63比值的增加可显著提高Hep3B细胞对于化疗药物阿霉素的敏感性,p63异构体的不同表达模式将有可能作为肝癌基因治疗的新靶点。     

2003—2007年郴州市生活饮用水水质监测

目的了解郴州市城区生活饮用水水质，针对存在的问题提出改进建议。方法选取有代表性的城区二次供水、末梢水、出厂水和水源水进行监测，采用国家标准进行评价。结果所监测的二次供水、末梢水、出厂水和水源水的合格率分别为86．3％、84．9％、97．4％和100．0％。不合格的指标分别有游离性余氯、浑浊度、总大肠菌群和细菌总数。结论．郴州市城区生活饮用水水质基本符合国家标准，针对存在的问题，有关部门应加强管理。     

Optimization of the aerosolization properties of an inhalation dry powder based on selection of excipients

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of formulation excipients on physical characteristics of inhalation dry powders prepared by spray-drying. The excipients used were a series of amino acids (glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine), trehalose and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The particle diameter and the powder density were assessed by laser diffraction and tap density measurements, respectively. The aerosol behaviour of the powders was studied in a Multi-Stage Liquid Impinger. The nature and the relative proportion of the excipients affected the aerosol performance of the powders, mainly by altering powder tap density and degree of particle aggregation. The alanine/trehalose/DPPC (30/10/60 w/w/w) formulation showed optimal aerodynamic behaviour with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.7 μm, an emitted dose of 94% and a fine particle fraction of 54% at an airflow rate of 100 L/min using a Spinhaler inhaler device. The powder had a tap density of 0.10 g/cm³. The particles were spherical with a granular surface and had a 4 μm volume median diameter. In conclusion, optimization of the aerosolization properties of inhalation dry powders could be achieved by appropriately selecting the composition of the particles.     

饮水型地方性氟中毒病区自来水入户影响因素分析

目的 调查氟病区自来水的入户情况及其影响因素.方法 于2006年5月,在江苏省东海县东丁旺村和新庄村随机抽取200户家庭进行问卷调查,用Dean's法对被调查家庭的所有成员进行氟斑牙诊断.并对自来水入户的影响因素进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 两村自来水入户率间比较(东丁旺村:59.5%;新庄村:64.9%),差异无统计学意义(P=0.454).Logistic回归分析结果显示,家庭住址在村中的相对位置是危险因素,家庭人口数、家庭经济条件、户主对自来水常识的知晓情况是保护性因素.结论 在该调查地区应着力解决主要影响因素,大力提高自来水入户率.     

济宁市区自来水重金属检测与健康风险评价

目的检测济宁市15个居民区210份自来水样中铅、镉、铜、锌、锰的浓度,并做健康风险评价。方法采用原子吸收光谱法测定水样中五种元素含量,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各元素引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果济宁市15个居民区自来水中铅、镉、铜、锌、锰的质量浓度范围分别为1.08~18.1μg/L,0.017~0.083μg/L,0.024~0.049 mg/L,0.083~0.535 mg/L,2.05~6.04μg/L,五种元素通过饮水途径所致的健康风险在10-9/a~10-8/a之间,远低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10-5/a）。结论济宁市区自来水中铅、镉、铜、锌、锰不会对人群引起健康危害。     

Upper extremity motor measures of Tap Test response in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Objective

The Tap Test (TT) is a commonly used method for predicting shunt responsiveness in patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH). The present study investigates whether measures of upper extremity motor function are useful for assessing response to spinal fluid drainage.

Methods

42 subjects undergoing evaluations for idiopathic NPH (iNPH) participated in this study. A standardized gait evaluation, a neuropsychological battery, and objective tests of upper extremity motor functions were administered. A Neurologist skilled in NPH assessment independently rated patients as TT Responders (n = 26) or Non-Responders (n = 16) based on clinical impression of change 2–4 h after 40–50 cm³ drainage of spinal fluid by lumbar puncture (LP). In the subset of subjects who underwent shunt placement, operative outcome was also evaluated.

Results

TT Responders improved significantly more than TT Non-Responders in Upper Extremity Coordination/Speed tasks (p < .001). The groups did not differ on other neuropsychological measures post-LP. A possible association was observed between pre- and post-TT changes in Upper Extremity Coordination/Speed and post-shunt improvement. Among Upper Extremity Coordination/Speed measures, Line Tracing displayed the greatest sensitivity (76%) to change post-LP.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that measures of upper extremity motor functions may be useful as measures of Tap Test response in patients with iNPH. These upper extremity motor tasks can be rapidly administered (<5 min) in clinical practice and may provide an additional dimension beyond gait and cognition for evaluating response to LP.     

More hypothyroidism and less hyperthyroidism with sufficient iodine nutrition compared to mild iodine deficiency—A comparative population-based study of older people

Objective

To assess the occurrence of thyroid disorders and autoimmunity in a geriatric population with long-standing recommended iodine intake of natural origin compared to mild iodine deficiency.

Design and setting

Cross-sectional, comparative, population-based study in two areas with different iodine intakes due to different tap water iodine contents.

Participants

Residents of Randers (n = 212) or Skagen (n = 218), Denmark, aged 75–80 years.

Measures

Blood samples were collected for measuring thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), thyroglobulin (TG); iodine excretion estimated from iodine and creatinine measured in spot urine samples; questionnaire on history of thyroid disease, medication and vitamin use; clinical examination of the neck.

Results

Median urinary iodine excretion was 50 μg/24 h in Randers and 177 μg/24 h in Skagen (p < 0.001). A history of thyroid disease was reported by 40 (9.3%) dominated by goitre (n = 22) in Randers and hypothyroidism and Graves Disease (n = 15) in Skagen (p < 0.001). We found visible goitre in 26% of Randers dwellers and none in Skagen (p < 0.001). Hyperthyroidism with TSH below the reference range was present in 26% of Randers and 6% of Skagen dwellers while 6% and 13%, respectively, were hypothyroid with TSH above the reference range (p < 0.001). More Randers than Skagen participants harboured a thyroid antibody (42% vs. 32%, p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Recommended iodine intake associated with more hypothyroidism, less hyperthyroidism and goiters, low TGAb prevalence and lower TG level in serum than did iodine deficiency. TPOAb was similar in the iodine replete and deficient geriatric populations.