大学生网络成瘾量表的初步编制

目的编制可供评估网络成瘾倾向的自评量表。方法采用自编《大学生网络成瘾量表》为研究工具对197名在校大学生为被试进行测试。结果①初步编制的《大学生网络成瘾量表》共46条目,包括2个分量表:网络成瘾倾向和网络成瘾类型分量表,其中网络成瘾倾向分量表分为成瘾症状成分(即成瘾症状、消极影响2个维度)和认知、情感体验成分(即内心体验、自我认知2个维度);网络成瘾类型分为网络关系成瘾、网络娱乐成瘾、信息搜集成瘾和网络性成瘾4个维度;②本量表具有较好的信度:成瘾倾向分量表及各维度的同质性信度为0·80~0·95,网络成瘾类型分量表为0·78,符合测量学标准;网络成瘾倾向分量表及各维度的重测信度除消极影响为0·67外,其他为0·75~0·88,网络成瘾类型分量表为0·74,也都基本达到心理测量学标准;③本量表成瘾倾向分量表的成瘾标志和消极影响维度与陈淑惠《中文网络成瘾量表》各个因子以及总分的相关(0·78~0·83)均显示有统计学意义,说明其具有良好的结构效度。结论该量表评价内容范围较宽、提供信息量较大,题目量适中,并且其信、效度较好,为后续研究打下了良好基础。     

Modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Chinese children with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective study

Background and objective  The purpose of this study is to assess whether Chinese children with high apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) are sleepier by a modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Materials and methods  Records were retrospectively reviewed. We included children who were between 3 and 12 years old, admitted for overnight polysomnogram because of suspected obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). A modified ESS was used to assess excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) of the children. Results  One hundred ninety-two Chinese children were included. Children with high AHI, defined as AHI > 5.0, were sleepier than children with AHI less than or equal to 5. After adjustment by age, gender, and obesity, children with high AHI remained significantly sleepier. Modified ESS was significantly correlated with AHI (rho = 0.124, 95% CI = 0.004–0.281). Modified ESS score of >8 was the best cutoff point with the sensitivity and specificity of 0.29 and 0.91, respectively. The odds ratio of children with modified ESS > 10 having high AHI was 4.231 (95%CI = 1.248 to 14.338) and children with modified ESS > 8 had the highest odds ratio, 4.295(95%CI = 1.66 to 11.1), of having high AHI. Conclusion   Chinese children with high AHI appear to be sleepier than children with low AHI. Children with suspected OSAS and high modified ESS, i.e., ESS > 8, had significantly higher odds ratio of having high AHI. Increased sleepiness is a specific but not a sensitive symptom in snoring children with high AHI. Screening for EDS in snoring children may help us identify those with high AHI and prioritize the management of those children. All authors worked and the study was carried out in Kwong Wah Hospital in Hong Kong. There was no conflict of interest and no specific source of funding for the study.     

Functioning and disability 6–15 years after traumatic brain injuries in northern Sweden

Objectives –  To assess long‐term functioning and disability after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Material and methods –  Individuals (n = 88) in Norrbotten, northern Sweden, who had been transferred for neurosurgical care were assessed with internationally established TBI outcome measures 6–15 years post‐injury. Results –  There was an improvement in overall outcome from discharge from inpatient rehabilitation to follow‐up. Many individuals had a high degree of motor and cognitive functioning, which enabled them to live independently in their own home without assistance, but there remained a disability related to community reintegration and social participation. This affected their productivity and to some degree their marital stability. The remaining disability and reduced productivity were related to the age at injury and the injury severity. Conclusions –  Our data showed that individuals with a TBI can achieve and maintain a high degree of functioning many years after the injury. Increasing age and a greater injury severity contributed to their long‐term disability.     

Flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen for managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee in humans: a short-term randomized,double-blind pilot study

Flavocoxid (Limbrel), a proprietary mixture of flavonoid molecules (baicalin and catechin), was tested against a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, for the management of the signs and symptoms of moderate osteoarthritis (OA) in humans. Discomfort and global disease activity were used as the primary end points, and safety assessments were also taken for both treatments as a secondary endpoint. In this double-blind study, 103 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either flavocoxid [500 mg twice daily (BID)] or naproxen (500 mg BID) in a 1-month onset of action trial. Outcome measures included the short Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index, subject Visual Analogue Scale for discomfort and global response, and investigator Visual Analogue Scale for global response and fecal occult blood. Both flavocoxid and naproxen showed significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of knee OA (P ≤ .001). There were no statistically detectable differences between the flavocoxid and naproxen groups with respect to any of the outcome variables. Similarly, there were no statistically detectable differences between the groups with respect to any adverse event, although there was a trend toward a higher incidence of edema and nonspecific musculoskeletal discomfort in the naproxen group. In this short-term pilot study, flavocoxid was as effective as naproxen in controlling the signs and symptoms of OA of the knee and would present a safe and effective option for those individuals on traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. A low incidence of adverse events was reported for both groups.     

Measuring staff perceptions of challenging behaviour: the Challenging Behaviour Attributions Scale (CHABA)

Causal attributions may interact with other variables to determine staff responses to challenging behaviour. Furthermore, staff perceptions of the causes of challenging behaviour are likely to change as a result of theoretical and practical training. However, there is no established simple method for measuring staff attributions that could facilitate research in these areas. The present paper describes the development and preliminary psychometric analysis of the Challenging Behaviour Attributions Scale (CHABA).     

Secretory immunoglobulin‐A reactivity following increases in workload intensity using the Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS)

Previous work suggests that secretory immunoglobulin‐A (S‐IgA) reactivity is inversely related to the perceived demands of the stressor. The Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS) comprises eight stressor modules, and allows for the manipulation of stress either through increasing the number of modules, or increasing the workload of the modules. The current study assessed the effect of increasing the workload of four modules upon S‐IgA reactivity and perceived demands. Participants (N = 14) attended three sessions on consecutive days where they provided a timed saliva sample immediately before and after 5 min on the DISS at low, medium and high workload. Following each session participants recorded their perceptions of the task with regard to workload and levels of stress and arousal. Perceived workload and stress, but not arousal, increased in accordance with increases in workload, however, differential S‐IgA reactivity was observed. Low workload resulted in a slight increase in S‐IgA secretion; medium workload elicited significant up‐regulation, while down‐regulation of S‐IgA occurred following high workload. As DISS is analogous to a variety of working environments it is suggested that the observed S‐IgA reactivity is indicative of how individuals react to multi‐tasking environments when faced with increases in objective or perceived workload demands. As S‐IgA levels are related to protection from illness, down‐regulation of S‐IgA in those who perceive greater demands may lead to greater vulnerability to ill‐health. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alexithymia in Holocaust Survivors with and Without PTSD

Alexithymia was measured in non-treatment seeking, community-dwelling Holocaust survivors using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale—Twenty Item Version (TAS-20). Scores of survivors with (n = 30) and without (n = 26) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compared, and associations among alexithymia, severity of trauma, and severity of PTSD symptoms were determined. Survivors with PTSD had significantly higher scores on the TAS-20 compared to survivors without PTSD. TAS-20 scores were significantly associated with severity of PTSD symptoms, but not with severity of trauma. This study adds to our knowledge of the relationship between alexithymia and trauma by demonstrating that this characteristic is related to the presence of posttraumatic symptoms and not simply exposure to trauma.     

A群脑膜炎多糖菌苗接种前后流脑流行规律的改变及今后预防对策

本文研究了在使用菌苗预防前后的流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行强度的变迁，年龄、地区及季节分布特点，人群的易感性及带菌率之间的关系，并讨论了今后的预防措施。     

Inter-rater reliability of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS).

We assessed the inter-rater reliability of the 100-point International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Three neurologists independently rated videotaped ICARS examinations of 22 subjects with genetically determined ataxias (spinocerebellar ataxia [SCA] Type 1 in 11; SCA Type 2 in 1; Friedreich's ataxia in 10) and 4 controls. Scores on live ICARS assessment had ranged from 0 to 7 for controls and 11 to 74 for ataxic subjects (clinically very mildly affected to wheelchair-bound). Inter-rater correlation was very high for the total score (Kendall's omega 0.994, 95% confidence interval, 0.988-0.997), and high to very high for each component subscore (0.791 for speech to 0.994 for posture/gait). All correlations were significant at P < 0.00001. The ICARS exhibits very high inter-rater reliability even without prior observer standardisation and is sensitive to a range of ataxia severities from very mild to severe.