Laser interstitial thermotherapy in stereotactical neurosurgery

The authors present their first experience with laser interstitial thermotherapy, (ITT). Four patients with deep-seated non-infiltrative benign tumours (three astrocytomas, one oligodendrocytoma) underwent ITT. Previously, a stereotactic procedure had been performed to determine the exact location of the tumour, its spatial configuration and its histological diagnosis. The MRI controls confirmed the efficacy of hyperthermia on the tumour tissues. The authors discuss the possible ITT mechanisms. The indications of such laser ITT in neurosurgery should be enlarged to malignant tumours (gliomas, metastases) and to certain hypophyseal adenomas.     

A simple technique for making a stereotactic localiser both CT and MRI compatible

Summary Stereotactic neurosurgery requires the utmost precision. This can be achieved with modern imaging methods, provided special localisers are used which produce reference points for the calculation of stereotactic coordinates. Since not every substance can be visualised in every imaging modality, various localisera are normally used. These contain, for example, thin steel wires for CT or copper sulphate for MRI. By using a mixture of jopamidol and copper sulphate at a ratio of 11, it is possible to make the reference points of a localiser visible in both CT as well as in MRI. In this way, the entire stereotactic planning can be carried out using only one single localiser. This not only simplifies the procedure, it also reduces costs.     

微电极导向同期双侧腹后苍白球 毁损术治疗帕金森病

目的介绍微电极导向同期双侧腹后苍白球毁损术治疗帕金森病的方法与效果。方法应用微电极电生理记录技术术对毁损靶点进行确认定位,对３１例难治性帕金森病患者行同期双侧腹后内侧苍白球毁损治疗,术前及术后于开状态、关状态分别行改良Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ记分,计算改善率,评价其疗效。结果经微电极确认后的电生理靶点与ＣＴ定位靶点存在明显差异,靶点调整率８０６％。３１例手术均有效,其中治愈７例,明显进步２４例。Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ计分术后１周开状态改善率为７４２％±９５％,关状态改善率为８９１％±８９％。无永久性并发症。结论微电极导向同期双侧腹后苍白球毁损术安全、有效,具有明显临床治疗优势,微电极记录技术可使术中定位精确度大大提高。     

Routine spinal navigation for thoraco–lumbar pedicle screw insertion using the O-arm three-dimensional imaging system improves placement accuracy

Modern image-guided spinal navigation employs high-quality intra-operative three dimensional (3D) images to improve the accuracy of spinal surgery. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of thoraco-lumbar pedicle screw insertion using the O-arm (Breakaway Imaging, LLC, Littleton, MA, USA) 3D imaging system. Ninety-two patients underwent insertion of thoraco–lumbar pedicle screws guided by O-arm navigation over a 27 month period. Intra-operative scans were retrospectively reviewed for pedicle breach. The operative time of patients where O-arm navigation was used was compared to a matched control group where fluoroscopy was used. A total of 467 pedicle screws were inserted. Four hundred and forty-five screws (95.3%) were placed within the pedicle without any breach (Gertzbein classification grade 0). Sixteen screws (3.4%) had a pedicle breach of less than 2 mm (Gertzbein classification grade 1), and six screws (1.3%) had a pedicle breach between 2 mm and 4 mm (Gertzbein classification grade 2). The grade 2 screws were revised intra-operatively. There was no incidence of neurovascular injury in this series of patients. The mean operative time for O-arm patients was 5.25 hours. In a matched control group of fluoroscopy patients, the mean operative time was 4.75 hours. The difference in the mean operative time between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.15, paired t-test). Stereotactic navigation based on intra-operative O-arm 3D imaging resulted in high accuracy in thoraco–lumbar pedicle screw insertion.     

立体定向联合术中皮层电极、神经电生理监测治疗功能区皮层下小肿瘤性癫痫

目的 评价采用立体定向联合术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)、神经电生理监测(IOM)治疗功能区皮层下小肿瘤性癫痫的手术方法及效果、并发症. 方法 解放军第153医院神经外科自2006年6月至2011年6月共收治功能区皮层下小肿瘤引起的癫痫患者15例,均在立体定向仪导向下,开放直视手术准确切除肿瘤,ECoG监测定位致痫灶,IOM判断致痫灶与功能区的重叠程度,分别采取切除术、多处软膜下横切术(MST)或皮层低功率电凝热灼术处理致痫灶.总结分析患者的手术方法及疗效. 结果 本组肿瘤全切13例,次全切2例;瘤周致痫灶切除4例,瘤周致痫灶MST或/和皮层低功率电凝热灼术11例;术毕ECoG监测发现痫样放电消失、基本节律大致恢复正常6例,仍残留少量棘波6例,残存较多棘波且基本节律轻到中度异常3例;无严重永久性并发症;随访1～3年,肿瘤原位复发2例,Engel分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例,总有效率100％.结论 立体定向联合术中ECoG、IOM治疗功能区皮层下小肿瘤性癫痫,能够精准定位并切除肿瘤及处理致痫灶,避免损伤功能区,是一种微创、安全、有效的手术方法.     

皮层脑电图辅助立体定向下手术治疗颅内钙化灶引起的难治性癫痫

目的研究立体定向下开放式手术联合术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测治疗颅内钙化灶性癫痫的手术方法、注意事项及效果。方法 21例颅内单发钙化灶引起的癫痫患者(其中主要功能区钙化灶9例),在立体定向仪导向下,开放直视手术,ECoG监测钙化灶周围皮层脑电活动情况,切除钙化灶后再次ECoG监测,确定致痫灶的范围及处理方式。结果所有钙化灶均被顺利切除。钙化灶区域ECoG监测无明显异常5例,表现为阵发性与动脉搏动相一致的单发性棘慢复合波发放9例,表现为明显癫痫样放电7例。单纯钙化灶切除术14例,钙化灶+周边增生组织+致痫皮层切除术4例,钙化灶切除+功能区致痫皮层低功率电凝热灼术3例。术后ECoG监测发现异常放电消失11例,仍残存轻中度痫样放电5例。无严重并发症。随访6个月～8年,EngelⅠ级16例,EngelⅡ级5例,总有效率100%。结论 ECoG监测是立体定向下手术治疗颅内钙化灶性癫痫的重要辅助手段,能够指导术中采取相应的手术方式切除钙化灶,妥善处理致痫灶,避免过多损伤脑皮层。     

Stereotactic catheter placement for Ommaya reservoirs

Ommaya reservoirs are an important surgical therapy for the chronic intrathecal administration of chemotherapy for patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Surgical accuracy is paramount in these patients with typically normal sized ventricles, and may be improved with stereotactic guidance. This paper aimed to review a large series of stereotactic Ommaya catheter placements, examining accuracy and complications. We conducted a retrospective review of 109 consecutive adult patients who underwent stereotactic Ommaya catheter placement for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis or central nervous system lymphoma at Columbia University Medical Center, USA, from 1998–2013. The rate of accurate placement in the ventricular system was 99%, with the only poor catheter position due to post-placement migration. The rate of peri-operative complications was 6.4%. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in patients with thrombocytopenia or therapeutic anti-coagulation pre-operatively or during the post-operative period. Use of stereotaxy for catheter placement of Ommaya reservoirs is safe and effective, and should be considered when placing a catheter into non-hydrocephalic ventricles.     

Technical possibilities and limitations of stereotaxy

Summary The availability of CT-Scanners and MRI coupled to stereotactic systems has made a stereotactic neurosurgical intervention an everyday tool. The indications, contra-indications and complications concerning intracranial tumours, the hypophysis, combined open stereotactic procedures, third ventriculostomy, diseases of the extrapyramidal motor system, pain, epilepsy, psychosurgery and the transplantation of embryonal cells are discussed.     

三叉神经半月节射频热凝术不同定位方法比较

目的 探讨三种不同定位方法在三叉神经半月节射频热凝术中的治疗效果及优缺点.方法 155例患者根据定位方法的不同分为A、B、C三组,A组为CT定位下徒手穿刺卵圆孔组,B组为立体定向CT引导下穿刺卵圆孔组,C组为立体定向CT-MR图像融合直接定位半月神经节组.分别对三组患者术中情况、手术并发症、疗效及预后进行比较.结果 A组一次性穿刺成功率33.87%,显著低于B组（92.98%）、C组（100%）;术中心血管反应发生率A组48.39%,显著高于B组（14.04%）、C组（8.33%）;手术时间A组亦显著长于B、C组.手术并发症方面A组发生率33.87%,B组21.05%,C组16.67%,三组间无显著性差异,主要为面部感觉减退,其他并发症A组显著高于B、C组.预后优良率A组80.65%,显著低于B组（94.74%）、C组（100%）,术后复发率A组11.29%,显著高于B组（1.75%）、C组（0%）.结论 CT定位下徒手穿刺卵圆孔操作方法简单,但穿刺存在较大肓目性,术中患者痛苦较大,心血管反应发生率高,手术时间延长,术后并发症相对较多,术后复发率偏高.立体定向CT引导下穿刺卵圆孔定位准确,术中患者痛苦较小,术后并发症少,复发率低,但仍为间接定位方法,不能直接定位半月神经节,如患者存在卵圆孔变异则手术难度较大.立体定向图像融合技术直接精确定位三叉神经半月节及穿刺路径,消除了穿刺盲区,显著提高了穿刺的准确性和治疗效果.     

中国人脑立体定向Vim核团数字化图谱的研制

目的 利用组织学和计算机技术构建MRI不可见靶点-丘脑腹内侧中间核(Vim)数字化图谱,以便为功能神经外科制定手术计划提供直观的参考依据.方法 对9例成年男性尸脑按标准立体定向系统行50μm冰冻切割,尼氏染色.在切片上对Vim进行识别、分割、提取、三维重建.结果 立体定向空间内Vim核团矢状面大致为楔形,长轴向外侧偏离Z轴约20°.核团的坐标三维范围:X轴方向为18.4～9.2mm;Y轴方向为-8～-2mm;z轴方向0～8mm.左、右侧Vim核团体积分别为(229.65±15.93)mm3和(233.34±15.16)mm3.结论 三维重建的Vim表面光滑、形态逼真,清晰地显示了Vim核团在标准立体定向空间中的位置和大小,并能任意角度浏览,使实现Vim可视化具有可行性.