横窦和窦汇的浅表解剖学标志

目的为神经外科手术准确定位横窦的下缘和窦汇确定出一个可靠的浅表解剖学标志。方法对10例经10%甲醛溶液固定的尸头标本进行逐步解剖,测量各相关解剖结构到横窦下缘的距离。结果实验所收集的数据表明在定位横窦下缘和窦汇时,上项线及枕外隆凸尖不是一个可靠的浅表解剖学标志。而以半脊肌附着点作为浅表解剖学标志比以上项线作为浅表解剖标志更准确、可靠。本组10例标本中,无1例的半脊肌附着点超过横窦下部边界3mm,并且它可以作为一个可靠的浅表解剖学标志用以定位接近中线部分的横窦。结论这些发现可以帮助神经外科医生在治疗后颅窝和颅颈接合处病变而进行的各种中线入路手术时更准确的定位横窦。     

新疆塔城地区多房棘球蚴的鼠类宿主考察

1989～1991年由新疆的塔城、裕民、额敏和托里等4个县市采集各类鼠类4科11属14种共9832只。剖检结果发现有0.014％(1/6980)小家鼠(Mus musculus)和0.09％(2/2211)赤颊黄鼠(Citellus erythrogenys)自然感染多房棘球蚴。二者发育的多房棘球蚴均系不育囊,囊内没有原头节。小家鼠和赤颊黄鼠均是本虫在我国的鼠类宿主新记录,而赤颊黄鼠又是本虫鼠类宿主的首次报道。     

The effect of automated landmark identification on morphometric analyses

Morphometric analysis of anatomical landmarks allows researchers to identify specific morphological differences between natural populations or experimental groups, but manually identifying landmarks is time‐consuming. We compare manually and automatically generated adult mouse skull landmarks and subsequent morphometric analyses to elucidate how switching from manual to automated landmarking will impact morphometric analysis results for large mouse (Mus musculus) samples (n = 1205) that represent a wide range of ‘normal’ phenotypic variation (62 genotypes). Other studies have suggested that the use of automated landmarking methods is feasible, but this study is the first to compare the utility of current automated approaches to manual landmarking for a large dataset that allows the quantification of intra‐ and inter‐strain variation. With this unique sample, we investigated how switching to a non‐linear image registration‐based automated landmarking method impacts estimated differences in genotype mean shape and shape variance‐covariance structure. In addition, we tested whether an initial registration of specimen images to genotype‐specific averages improves automatic landmark identification accuracy. Our results indicated that automated landmark placement was significantly different than manual landmark placement but that estimated skull shape covariation was correlated across methods. The addition of a preliminary genotype‐specific registration step as part of a two‐level procedure did not substantially improve on the accuracy of one‐level automatic landmark placement. The landmarks with the lowest automatic landmark accuracy are found in locations with poor image registration alignment. The most serious outliers within morphometric analysis of automated landmarks displayed instances of stochastic image registration error that are likely representative of errors common when applying image registration methods to micro‐computed tomography datasets that were initially collected with manual landmarking in mind. Additional efforts during specimen preparation and image acquisition can help reduce the number of registration errors and improve registration results. A reduction in skull shape variance estimates were noted for automated landmarking methods compared with manual landmarking. This partially reflects an underestimation of more extreme genotype shapes and loss of biological signal, but largely represents the fact that automated methods do not suffer from intra‐observer landmarking error. For appropriate samples and research questions, our image registration‐based automated landmarking method can eliminate the time required for manual landmarking and have a similar power to identify shape differences between inbred mouse genotypes.     

晚期喉癌扩大喉次全切除胸骨舌骨肌及筋膜喉成形的研究（附19例报告）

目的：探讨治疗晚期喉癌（T4）并能重建喉功能的手术方法。方法：对19例晚期喉癌患者行扩大喉次全切除术,并用胸骨舌骨肌及筋膜行喉成形术。结果：术后13例恢复全部喉功能,6例恢复部分喉功能,1、3、5年生存率为89.47%,68.42%,47.37%。结论：部分T4患者是可以施行喉次全切除术的,用胸骨舌骨肌及筋膜行喉成形术效果好,成功率高。     

“Candidatus Neoehrlichia chilensis” sp. nov.: Molecular detection and characterization of a novel Anaplasmataceae in wild rodents from Valdivia,southern Chile

This study aimed to screen wild rodents from southern Chile, for the presence of Anaplasmatacea. Spleen samples from 33 wild rodents trapped in Valdivia Province were screened by conventional PCR (cPCR ), targeting the Anaplasmataceae 16S rRNA gene (16S). Positive samples were further evaluated, targeting a larger 16S fragment, groEL operon, and gltA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Anaplasmataceae DNA was detected in 15% (five of 33) of the tested rodents (Abrothrix sp. [four of five] and Mus musculus [one of five]). Analysis of sequenced products based on the 16S gene revealed high similarity with “Ca . Neoehrlichia mikurensis,” “Ca . Neoehrlichia lotoris” and “Ca . Neoehrlichia arcana” (97.8%–98.6%). A lower similarity was observed with Candidatus Neoehrlichia groEL (89.7%‐92%) and gltA (79.5%–79.9%) loci. According to the 16SrRNA , groEL and gltA phylogenetic analyses, two closely related genotypes of “Candidatus Neoehrlichia” spp. from Chile were observed, which clustered together in a separate clade from other species in this genus. This study suggests the presence of two genotypes of a novel species of “Candidatus Neoehrlichia,” proposed as “Candidatus Neoehrlichia chilensis,” circulating in rodents from Chile. This is the first report of “Ca . Neoehrlichia” species in rodents from America.     

流式细胞仪自动化快速初筛环磷酰胺诱导微核作用的研究

目的 利用单一荧光试剂吖啶橙（acridine orange, AO）和简单的单激光流式细胞仪计数骨髓嗜多染红细胞细胞的微核率,达到了解化合物诱导微核作用的目的。方法 采用经典的染色体断裂剂环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide, CP)腹腔注射小鼠和大鼠,24h后采集骨髓细胞,经过固定和吖啶橙（acridine orange, AO）荧光染色,利用单激光流式细胞仪计数微核,计数结果用WinDMI软件进行分析,作出等高图并设置窗口。结果 随着CP浓度的增高,骨髓细胞的含微核的嗜多染红细胞（micronucleated PCE, MNPCE）也相应增多,呈良好的量效关系。实验结果同时和手工计数比较,没有显著差异。结论 采用单一荧光染色（AO染色）和单激光流式细胞仪快速初筛化合物诱导微核作用是可靠的,较传统的手工方法更为灵敏,并节省了大量时间和成本,操作也更为简单。     

高碘致小白鼠甲状腺肿的实验研究

目的 了解高碘致甲状腺肿组织学改变及其与碘的剂量关系,探讨高碘对甲状腺损害的基本规律.方法 利用不同浓度碘饮用水喂养小白鼠,于180d时,在光镜下观察小白鼠甲状腺形态结构改变.结果 碘过多可引起小白鼠甲状腺肿大,肿大率随碘剂量的增加而增加,剂量越大,肿大越明显,同时甲状腺形态结构发生病理改变.其表现为滤泡数量增多、体积增大、滤泡壁上皮细胞增生、胶质增多、间质毛细血管扩张、间质水肿等.病理改变大体上与水碘呈剂量反应关系.结论 高碘饮用水可引起实验动物呈剂量反应的甲状腺病理组织改变,甲状腺增生、胶质代谢障碍、毛细血管扩张及间质水肿为其主要表现.     

Isolated flexor muscles of the little toe in the feet of an individual with atrophied or lacking 4 head of the M. extensor digitorum brevis and lacking the 4 tendon of the M. extensor digitorum longus

While dissecting the body of a 75-year-old male we observed variations in the Mm. flexor digitorum brevis and longus of both feet. In the left foot, the 4th tendon of the M. flexor digitorum brevis was atrophied and the respective tendon of the M. flexor digitorum longus to the little toe was absent. In the right foot, the 4th tendons of both the Mm. flexor digitorum brevis and longus to the little toe were absent. The lacking deep flexor tendon to the little toe in the left foot was replaced by an isolated flexor muscle originating from the medial and lateral processes of the calcaneal tuberosity, which additionally had connections to the tendinous plate of the M. flexor digitorum longus and the M. quadratus plantae. The absent superficial and deep flexor tendons to the little toe in the right foot were replaced by an isolated flexor muscle arising from the M. quadratus plantae distal from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. The tendon of both isolated flexor muscles inserted in the distal phalanx of the little toe. The left isolated flexor muscle for the little toe had connections to the M. flexor digitorum longus and the M. quadratus plantae. From these results it seems likely that the M. quadratus plantae could be regarded as additional flexor head (caput breve or plantare) of the M. flexor digitorum longus as is described in classic textbooks. In the individual's lifetime the described variation perhaps led to the possibility of an isolated flexion of the little toe.     

糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃平滑肌细胞膜G蛋白基因表达的变化

目的 探讨胃平滑肌细胞内信号传导异常在糖尿病胃轻瘫发病机制中的作用.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠20只随机分为两组,每组10只,分别为健康对照组、糖尿病模型组,四氧嘧啶50 mg/kg静脉注射1次,建立大鼠糖尿病模型,健康对照组仅注射等量0.9%氯化钠注射液.营养性半固体米糊法测定胃排空率.放射免疫方法测定胃平滑肌细胞cAMP含量.核酸原位杂交方法和计算机图像分析系统对平滑肌细胞的Gsα、Giα mRNA的表达进行定量分析.结果 (1)胃排空率:模型组较对照组明显减低(P<0.05);(2)胃平滑肌cAMP含量:模型组较对照组明显增高(P<0.05);(3)Gsα、Giα的基因表达量:Gsα mRNA阳性物质星棕黄色颗粒,位于平滑肌细胞胞浆内,模型组的表达量明显高于健康对照组(P<0.05);Giα mRNA阳性物质呈亮红色颗粒,位于胞浆内,两组之间的表达量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 糖尿病大鼠胃平滑肌Gsα mRNA的表达量变化可能在糖尿病胃轻瘫的发病机制中起一定作用.