中学生元认知与自我意识的相关研究

目的探讨中学生元认知与自我意识的关系。方法通过元认知问卷和自我意识量表对250名中学生进行调查研究。结果相关分析显示,元认知知识与内向性和外向性自我意识均呈显著正相关;元认知体验仅与内向性自我意识呈显著正相关。回归分析显示,元认知知识对内向性自我意识和外向性自我意识均具有显著的回归效应,元认知体验仅对内向性自我意识具有显著的回归效应。结论自我意识与元认知之间存在关联,元认知知识能够预测内、外向性自我意识,而元认知体验仅能够预测内向性自我意识。     

临床医学本科生“元认知”的调查研究

元认知是培养自主学习能力的关键因素。这次调查显示,临床医学本科生的元认知意识和能力非常缺乏,严重影响自主学习能力的构建。如何以医学专业课程为依托,进行元认知教育,以推进学生自主学习能力的构建,为学生的终身学习奠定基础是急需解决的问题。     

Increases in Positive Reappraisal Coping During a Group-Based Mantram Intervention Mediate Sustained Reductions in Anger in HIV-Positive Persons

Background  There is evidence that various meditation practices reduce distress, but little is known about the mechanisms of frequently repeating a mantram—a spiritual word or phrase—on distress reduction. Mantram repetition is the portable practice of focusing attention frequently on a mantram throughout the day without a specific time, place, or posture. Purpose  We examined the hypothesis of whether increases in positive reappraisal coping or distancing coping mediated the sustained decreases in anger found following a group-based mantram intervention that was designed to train attention and promote awareness of internal experiences. Method  A secondary analysis was performed on data collected from a randomized controlled trial that compared a group-based mantram intervention (n = 46) to an attention-matched control (n = 47) in a community sample of human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults. Positive reappraisal and distancing coping were explored as potential mediators of anger reduction. Results  Participants in the mantram intervention reported significant increases in positive reappraisal coping over the 5-week intervention period, whereas the control group reported decreases. Increases in positive reappraisal coping during the 5-week intervention period appear to mediate the effect of mantram on decreased anger at 22-week follow-up. Conclusions  Findings suggest that a group-based mantram intervention may reduce anger by enhancing positive reappraisal coping. This work was supported by a grant from the NIH/NCCAM (R21AT01159-01A) with additional support from the UCSD General Clinical Research Center (#1637), NIH/National Center for Research Resources (M01RR008), Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (T32-MH019391), the San Diego Veterans Medical Research Foundation, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA.     

1例研究生惊恐障碍的元认知心理干预实验研究

目的探讨惊恐障碍的心理机制及其干预方法,为惊恐障碍的心理干预提供临床借鉴。方法采用单被试多基线实验设计,运用元认知心理干预技术对来访者进行临床干预。结果干预前来访者症状自评量表(SCL-90)所有因子均显示异常,其中抑郁3.38,焦虑3.30,敌对3.67,汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)得分为36分。干预结束后SCL-90各项因子分均达到正常水平,HAMA得分为6分,基线指标稳定,惊恐发作次数减少,焦虑水平降低,社会适应性增强。结论实验证明元认知心理干预技术是治疗惊恐障碍的有效心理干预方法,值得推广。     

元认知理论指导药学本科生自主学习的研究

元认知理论被认为是培养自主学习能力的基础。结合目前高等药学本科教育专业课程的教学和药学生的学习状况调查,引导药学生运用元认知理论监控和调节相关课程的自主学习,掌握有效的学习方法和学习策略,有助于提高学生的自主学习意识,树立终身学习的执业理念。     

Effects of cognitive self-consciousness on visual memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Previous research has documented high trait cognitive self-consciousness (CSC) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It remains unclear whether elevated CSC levels can also explain cognitive performance deficits that have frequently been found in OCD. This study examined whether experimentally heightened CSC affects visual memory performance in OCD. OCD participants and healthy controls completed a complex figure test under three experimental conditions: simultaneously focusing on their thoughts (= CSC condition), simultaneously focusing on acoustic stimuli (= dual-task condition), and without a parallel task (= standard condition). In the OCD sample both the CSC condition and the dual-task condition reduced memory performance compared to the standard condition, whereas in controls only the dual-task condition led to reduced performance. Results indicate that raising CSC in OCD has a deteriorating effect on memory encoding that parallels the effect of a secondary task. High CSC and its effects on cognitive performance might be amenable to meta-cognitive treatment approaches.     

70名中度抑郁老年人元认知团体干预疗效研究

目的 探讨元认知团体干预技术对老年中度抑郁情绪的疗效.方法 选取大连市疗养院住院离退休军人850名,利用老年抑郁自评量表(GDS)及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)筛选出70名中度抑郁情绪者为实验对象,70名老人被分为实验组和对照组,每组35人.2组老人分别在治疗前、治疗后第8周,采用HAMD-17,GDS,大体临床评定量表(GAS)和元认知问卷(MCQ-30)测评.结果 与对照组比较,8周末实验组的抑郁评分显著降低[HAMD(11.54±2.50)分,(13.06±2.82)分,t=-2.378,P=0.020;GDS(12.51±2.43)分,(16.06±2.48)分,t=-6.031,P=0.000;GAS[(77.71±3.03)分,(75.63±3.24)分,t=2.785,P=0.007];8周末实验组元认知总分也显著降低[(38.69±4.17)分,(81.37±5.98)分,t=34.652,P＜0.01].结论 元认知技术显著改善老年中度抑郁情绪,提高中度抑郁老人的元认知水平.     

基于元认知理论实施医学生自我评价的研究与实践

本文系统介绍了元认知理论和自我评价的概念,从理论角度初步分析了两者相结合的重要性和必要性,结合北京大学医学生自我评价的实践进行了探讨,建议义以学生元认知能力发展为基础,结合形成性评价的理念,充分加强教师的指导、协同作用,进一步深入探索学生自我评价体系的构建研究.     

L’insight neurocognitif dans la schizophrénie

Objectives

Given the extent, magnitude and functional significance of the neurocognitive deficits of schizophrenia, growing attention has been paid recently to patients’ self-awareness of their own deficits. Thus far, the literature has shown either that patients fail to recognize their cognitive deficits or that the association between subjective and objective cognition is weak in schizophrenia. The reasons for this lack of consistency remain unexplained but may have to do, among others, with the influence of potential confounding clinical variables and the choice of the scale used to measure self-awareness of cognitive deficits. In the current study, we sought to examine the relationships between subjective and objective cognitive performance in schizophrenia, while controlling for the influence of sociodemographic and psychiatric variables.

Know Thyself: Real-World Behavioral Correlates of Self-Appraisal Accuracy

Accurate appraisal of one's own abilities is one metacognitive skill considered to be an important factor affecting learning and behavior in childhood. The present study measured self-appraisal accuracy in children using tasks of executive function, and investigated relations between self-appraisal and informant ratings of real-world behaviors measured by the BRIEF. We examined self-appraisal accuracy on fluency tasks in 91 children ages 10–17. More accurate self-appraisal was correlated with fewer informant ratings of real-world behavior problems in inhibition and shifting, independent of actual performance. Findings suggest that self-appraisal represents cognitive processes that are at least partially independent of other functions putatively dependent on the frontal lobes, and these self-appraisal-specific processes have unique implications for optimal daily function.