肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作(LS-TIA)的临床及影像

目的 肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作（LS-TIA）临床少见,本文旨在提高临床医师对这一症候的认识.方法 总结北京协和医院诊断为肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作患者7例,行颈部血管超声、脑电图、头部核磁共振、经颅多普勒超声、核磁血管成像,4例行数字减影血管造影,2例行CT灌注成像检查.结果 均表现为发作性短暂不能控制的抖动,5例发作有明显诱因.全部患者均有抖动肢体对侧至少1条以上颅内和/或颅外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞.头部核磁共振4例显示抖动肢体对侧内分水岭脑梗死.脑电图均未见痫样放电,6例可见病变血管同侧额颞部慢波灶.经扩容和抗血小板聚集或者血管内支架治疗后,所有患者病情稳定.结论 肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作通常提示大血管严重的狭窄或闭塞,低灌注是其最可能的发病机制.     

Splenic nonenhancement at computed tomography: A sign of the hypoperfusion complex

When splenic nonenhancement is seen at computed tomography, one should look for signs of vascular pedicle injury; if injury to the vascular pedicle is not present, nonenhancement of the spleen could be secondary to severe vasoconstriction and may be considered an additional sign of the hypoperfusion complex. The presence of splenic nonenhancement may also help differentiate the hypoperfusion complex from other types of bowel injury.     

The impact of cerebrovascular aging on vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

As human life expectancy rises, the aged population will increase. Aging is accompanied by changes in tissue structure, often resulting in functional decline. For example, aging within blood vessels contributes to a decrease in blood flow to important organs, potentially leading to organ atrophy and loss of function. In the central nervous system, cerebral vascular aging can lead to loss of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, eventually resulting in cognitive and sensorimotor decline. One of the major of types of cognitive dysfunction due to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). In spite of recent progress in clinical and experimental VCID research, our understanding of vascular contributions to the pathogenesis of VCID is still very limited. In this review, we summarize recent findings on VCID, with a focus on vascular age-related pathologies and their contribution to the development of this condition.     

丁苯酞对慢性低灌注后神经血管单元的保护作用

目的　研究丁苯酞对慢性低灌注后神经血管单元是否有保护作用。方法　雄性Wistar大鼠48只随机分为假手术组、缺血模型组和丁苯酞组。缺血模型组与丁苯酞组大鼠结扎双侧颈总动脉。电镜观察神经血管单元的超微结构改变。结果　与缺血模型组相比,丁苯酞组低灌注后血管内皮细胞周围肿胀减轻,神经元线粒体嵴断裂程度减轻,神经血管单元微环境较好。结论　丁苯酞对慢性低灌注后神经血管单元有保护作用。     

Comparative evaluation of MRS and SPECT in prognostication of patients with mild to moderate head injury

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have only been individually studied in patients with head injury. This study aimed to comparatively assess both in patients with mild to moderate head injury. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 9–14 who underwent MRS and/or SPECT were evaluated in relation to various clinical factors and neurological outcome at 3 months. There were 56 SPECT (Tc99m-ethylcysteinate dimer [ECD]) studies and 41 single voxel proton MRS performed in 53 patients, with 41 patients having both. Of the 41 who underwent MRS, 13 had a lower N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio, 14 had a higher choline (Cho)/Cr ratio, 19 were normal, and nine had bilateral MRS abnormalities. Of the 56 who underwent SPECT, 22 and 19 had severe and moderate hypoperfusion, respectively. Among those in Traumatic Coma Data Bank CT scan category 1 and 2, 50% had MRS abnormalities, whereas 64% had SPECT hypoperfusion, suggesting greater incremental validity of SPECT over MRS. In univariate analyses, GCS, moderate/severe hypoperfusion and bilateral SPECT changes were found to have significant association with unfavorable outcome (odds ratio 13.2, 15.9, and 4.4, and p values <0.01, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively). Patients with lower NAA/Cr ratio in MRS had more unfavorable outcomes, however this was not significant. In multivariate analysis employing binary logistic regression, GCS and severe hypoperfusion on SPECT were noted to have significant association with unfavorable outcome, independent of age, CT scan category, and MRS abnormalities (p values = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). To conclude, ECD-SPECT seems to have greater sensitivity, incremental validity and prognostic value than single voxel proton MRS in select patients with head injury, with only severe hypoperfusion in SPECT significantly associated with unfavorable outcome independent of other confounding factors.     

Acute myocardial infarction demonstrated by multidetector CT scanning

A 55-year-old man was brought to the emergency room complaining of left-sided chest pain. His electrocardiogram was indeterminate, and a multidetector computed tomogram (MDCT) was performed to exclude aortic dissection. The patients aorta was normal, but an area of hypoperfusion was evident in the lateral ventricular myocardial wall. The ability to diagnose myocardial ischemia and infarcts on nongated MDCT is of particular clinical interest. As more imaging technology is devoted to imaging the heart, the greater expectations of radiologists ability to diagnose cardiac disease in the emergency room will become.     

Selective white matter pathology induces a specific impairment in spatial working memory

The integrity of the white matter is critical in regulating efficient neuronal communication and maintaining cognitive function. Damage to brain white matter putatively contributes to age-related cognitive decline. There is a growing interest in animal models from which the mechanistic basis of white matter pathology in aging can be elucidated but to date there has been a lack of systematic behavior and pathology in the same mice. Anatomically widespread, diffuse white matter damage was induced, in 3 different cohorts of C57Bl/6J mice, by chronic hypoperfusion produced by bilateral carotid stenosis. A comprehensive assessment of spatial memory (spatial reference learning and memory; cohort 1) and serial spatial learning and memory (cohort 2) using the water maze, and spatial working memory (cohort 3) using the 8-arm radial arm maze, was conducted. In parallel, a systematic assessment of white matter components (myelin, axon, glia) was conducted using immunohistochemical markers (myelin-associated glycoprotein [MAG], degraded myelin basic protein [dMBP], anti-amyloid precursor protein [APP], anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule [Iba-1]). Ischemic neuronal perikarya damage, assessed using histology (hematoxylin and eosin; H&E), was absent in all shams but was present in some hypoperfused mice (2/11 in cohort 1, 4/14 in cohort 2, and 17/24 in cohort 3). All animals with neuronal perikaryal damage were excluded from further study. Diffuse white matter damage occurred, throughout the brain, in all hypoperfused mice in each cohort and was essentially absent in sham-operated controls. There was a selective impairment in spatial working memory, with all other measures of spatial memory remaining intact, in hypoperfused mice with selective white matter damage. The results demonstrate that diffuse white matter pathology, in the absence of gray matter damage, induces a selective impairment of spatial working memory. This highlights the importance of assessing parallel pathology and behavior in the same mice.     

症状性颅内动脉闭塞患者脑灌注缺损与侧支循环的相关性研究

目的 研究症状性颅内动脉闭塞患者脑灌注缺损与侧支循环的关系。 方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月-2018年10月于解放军总医院第一医学中心连续收治的症状性单侧颈 内动脉（internal carotid artery,ICA）颅内段或大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）M1/M2段闭塞 患者,根据闭塞部位分为ICA闭塞组和MCA闭塞组。收集患者临床资料并记录影像学特征,采用定量 分析软件获取患侧脑血流残余功能达峰时间（time to maximum of the residual function,Tmax）>4 s和 Tmax>6 s的低灌注区容积,并采用多时相CTA 6级评分法对侧支循环进行评分。比较两组患者低灌注 区容积与侧支循环的差异,并分析低灌注区容积与侧支循环评分的相关性。 结果 最终纳入42例患者,平均年龄54.9±13.9岁,男性29例（69.0%）,其中I CA闭塞组19例,MCA 闭塞组23例。ICA闭塞组Tmax>4 s容积（163.1±98.6 mL vs 64.6±54.2 mL,P <0.001）、Tmax>6 s容积 （92.4±87.1 mL vs 13.0±27.6 mL,P <0.001）均大于MCA闭塞组;ICA闭塞组侧支循环评分低于MCA闭 塞组[3（2～4）分 vs 4（3～4）分,P =0.021]。ICA闭塞组Tmax>4 s 、Tmax>6 s容积与侧支循环评分呈负相关 （r =-0.667,P =0.002;r =-0.717,P <0.001）;MCA闭塞组Tmax>4 s 、Tmax>6 s容积与侧支循环评分呈负 相关（r =-0.498,P =0.016;r =-0.494,P =0.017）。 结论 症状性颅内动脉闭塞患者低灌注区容积与闭塞部位及侧支循环相关,ICA闭塞患者较MCA闭 塞患者有更大的低灌注缺损和更差的侧支循环。     

Interictal 99Tcm HMPAO SPECT and 1H MRS in Children with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: To understand the pathological basis of focal hypoperfusion seen on interictal ⁹⁹Tc^m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, and to determine why the technique may be misleading in the localization and lateralization of the seizure focus in some cases.
Methods: Interictal ⁹⁹Tc^m HMPAO SPECT and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) of the mesial temporal regions were performed in 14 children with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy not caused by a foreign tissue lesion.
Results: Hypoperfusion of one temporal lobe ipsilateral to the seizure focus was demonstrated in 10 (71%) of the children; ¹H MRS correctly lateralised in eight of these 10. No asymmetry of perfusion of the anterior temporal regions was seen in the remaining four children; on ¹H MRS, three of these were bilaterally abnormal but nonlateralising. Repeated SPECT and ¹H MRS in three children demonstrated changes over time, the findings from the two techniques being consistent with each other on both the initial and the repeated scans.
Conclusions: Abnormalities demonstrated by ¹H MRS correlate well with those seen on interictal SPECT and can help to understand the pathologic basis of these SPECT abnormalities. Furthermore, the presence of bilateral damage can result in an absence of perfusion asymmetry on interictal SPECT.