Careful assistance? Personal assistance within the family as hybridization of modern welfare policy and traditional family care

The aim of this article is to examine how different ideological perspectives on Swedish disability policy, are reflected in the experiences of disabled people and their families personal assistants. Personal assistance provided within the family can be seen as a hybridization between publicly regulated and paid work performed in the private family sphere, and thus conflicting norms and practices may coexist. In Sweden, family members of the assistant user can be employed as paid personal assistants. Many users combine personal assistance from family members with non-family assistance. Approximately 20–25% of the employed personal assistants are relatives of the assistance users. The empirical data consists of qualitative interviews with seventeen adult users and twenty-three family members employed as PAs with different types of family ties; parent-child relationships, sibling relationships and partner relationships. The findings show that family assistance could entail advantages such as personalised services, to combine instrumental and emotional assistance as well as achieving a power-balance between the parties. But there were also disadvantages, such as unwanted or enforced dependency, with a risk for both parties to be ‘locked up’ in the family. In an overall analysis, we distinguished three broad approaches towards family assistance, family as a substitute, family as a supplement and family first.     

Cellular distribution of the new growth factor Pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in developing and adult rat tissues

Summary Pleiotrophin (PTN), also known as HBGAM, belongs to an emerging cytokine family unrelated to other growth factors. We report here the first comprehensive study using in situ hybridization on the cellular distribution of this new heparin-binding growth factor mRNA in rat tissues. PTN mRNA was developmentally expressed in many — but not all — neuroectodermal and mesodermal lineages, whilst no PTN mRNA was detected in endoderm, ectoderm and trophoblast. PTN mRNA was found in the nervous system throughout development, with a post-natal peak of expression. In the adult nervous system, significant expression persisted in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and in cortical neurons, but also in different non-neuronal cells types in various locations (olfactory nerve, cerebellar astrocytes, pituicytes, Schwann cells surrounding the neurons in sensory ganglia). PTN mRNA was also found during development in the mesenchyme of lung, gut, kidney and reproductive tract, in bone and cartilage progenitors, in dental pulp, in myoblasts, and in several other sites. Expression was differently regulated in each location, but usually faded around birth. In the adult, PTN mRNA was still present in the meninges, the iris, the Leydig cells of the testis and in the uterus. PTN mRNA was also strongly expressed in the basal layers of the tongue epithelium, which is the only epithelium and ectodermal derivative to express PTN mRNA, and this only after birth. PTN is known to be a growth factor for perinatal brain neurons and a mitogen for fibroblasts in vitro. Recently, trophic effects on epithelial cells and a role as a tumour growth factor have been reported. The mechanisms of regulation and the functions of PTN are however still uncertain. Its expression pattern during development suggests important roles in growth and differentiation. Moreover, the presence of PTN mRNA in several adult tissues and the up-regulation of PTN mRNA expression in the gravid uterus indicate that PTN also has physiological functions during adulthood.     

地高辛素标记的DNA探针快速鉴定产不耐热肠毒素大肠杆菌的研究

用地高辛素标记的６７０ｂＰ－ＬＴ－ＤＮＡ片段作为探针，用菌落原位杂交法对９株标准参考株进行检测，结果全部相符。对７０株从临床分离的菌株也进行菌落原位杂交．并与３２－Ｐ标记的探针进行比较．结果地高辛素探针的特异性为９７．７％，敏感性为１００％，符合率为９８．６％。从含正常肠道菌的粪便中可以直接检出ＬＴ－ＥＴＥＣ而无须经纯培养。定量试验表明本法最低检出量为６ＣｆｕＬＴ－ＥＴＥＣ／斑点。整个检测过程短．仅须２４～３０ｈ。探针的稳定性好，有效期可长达１年。     

γ—干扰素对过度增生的血管平滑肌细胞癌基因表达的抑制作用

本实验建立了兔腹主动脉球囊扩张（ＢＡ）动物模型。以地高辛标记的Ｃ一ｆｏｓ、Ｃ一ｍｙｃ，Ｎ一ｒａｓ癌基因探针进行ＢＡ术后血管段组织的原位杂交，以生物素标记的Ｃ一ｆｏｓ、ｃ一ｍｙｃ、Ｎ一ｒａｓ探针对经ＢＡ组织培养液刺激的、培养的血管平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）进行细胞的原位杂交。结果显示：（１）ＢＡ术后再狭窄的血管段中ｃ一ｆｏｓ、ｃ一ｍｙｃ、Ｎ一ｒａｓ三种癌基因表达均增高，而且表达颗粒主要分布于粥样斑块中，中膜平滑肌层颗粒稀少。正常血管段无这三种癌基因表达。（２）经ＢＡ组织培养液刺激的ＳＭＣ胞浆中充满ｃ一ｆｏｓ，ｃ一ｍｙｃ癌基因表达颗粒。Ｎ一ｒａｓ癌基因表达主要位于细胞核膜部位。未给ＢＡ组织液刺激的ＳＭＣ未见以上癌基因表达。γ—干扰素可以部分抑制其表达。     

双标记原位杂交法检测间期细胞BCR/ABL融合基因

目的 :应用双标记原位杂交方法检测 BCR/ ABL融合基因。方法 :BCR基因探针用地高辛标记 ,碱性磷酸酶显色 ;ABL基因用3 H- d ATP标记 ,核子乳胶放射自显影。结果 :检测 9例初治的慢性粒细胞白血病 ( CML)病人均为阳性 ,阳性细胞比例为 93% ;检测 CML来源的 K5 62细胞株阳性细胞占 98.8% ;正常人假阳性率为 0 .75 %。结论 :该方法简便、快速 ,适用于 CML微小残留病的检测     

+10 Gz重复暴露大鼠脑差异表达基因cDNA文库的构建

目的构建＋10Gz重复暴露大鼠脑差异表达基因的消减cDNA文库。方法本实验用SD大鼠，分别提取暴露组与对照组的总RNA，并分离纯化mRNA，应用抑制性消减杂交技术分离＋10GI重复暴露大鼠脑差异表达基因eDNA片段并建立消减eDNA文库；利用PCR对随机挑选的75个白色菌落进行插入片段的验证，对其中70个克隆进行eDNA斑点杂交验证。结果所构建的eDNA文库扩增后包含约400个白色克隆和100个兰色克隆，随机挑选75个白色克隆入质粒载体后共获得70个阳性克隆。结论应用抑制性消减杂交技术成功构建了＋10Gz重复暴露大鼠脑差异表达基因消减eDNA文库，为进一步筛选和克隆脑损伤相关基因奠定了基础。     

人白细胞介素2基因在酵母菌中的表达及发酵研究

将一带有人白细胞的介素2cDNA 的大肠杆菌——酵母菌穿酸质粒转化啤酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 8534-8c,再将转化子与另一啤酒酵母 Saccharomyces cervisiae CSH83—L 进行杂交,得到二倍体菌株.同时,还研究了单倍体转化子和二倍体菌株在表达重组白细胞介素2上的差异以及不同培养条件下二倍体菌株的表达情况,确定了合适的发酵条件,并进行了五立升自动发酵罐的发酵研究.     

上皮性钙粘附蛋白和β-连环素的表达与胆囊腺癌预后的关系

目的　探讨上皮性钙粘附蛋白 (E cad)及 β 连环素 (β cat)在胆囊腺癌中的表达及其与分化、转移、临床分期和预后的关系。方法　免疫组织化学法 (SP法 )和原位杂交法。结果　免疫组织化学法 :60例胆囊腺癌中E cad及 β cat的阳性率分别为 40 %和 45 % ,异常表达率分别为 58 3 %和 63 3 %。E cad和 β cat的异常表达率与胆囊腺癌的分化程度有相关性 (P <0 0 5) ,在有淋巴结转移病例中E cad及 β cat的异常表达率明显高于无转移病例 ,随着临床分期由Ⅰ期到Ⅳ期 ,E cad及 β cat异常表达率明显增高 (P <0 0 5)。E cad和 β cat异常表达病例的平均生存时间和 5年生存率明显低于正常表达病例。原位杂交法 :胆囊腺癌中E cad和 β catmRNA的阳性率分别为 60 %和 40 % ,与蛋白正常表达一致率分别为 78 8%和 82 4%。结论　检测 β cat或E cad和 β cat的共同表达是指导临床治疗及估计预后有意义的指标 ,可应用临床预后的综合评估     

MYCN AMPLIFICATION IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Prominent neuronal differentiation and MYCN amplification occur only in a small percentage of medulloblastomas (primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the cerebellum). In this article, we describe two medulloblastomas that showed a striking degree of neuronal differentiation with islands of mature neurons associated with abundant neuropil. In these differentiated foci, there were no mitoses or atypia, and the histology was reminiscent of a malformative or hamartomatous lesion. Both tumors were assessed for MYCN amplification by the novel technique of differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In case 1, MYCN amplification was in the 10 - fold range determined by differential PCR, while in case 2 the level of amplification was marked, with 20 - 30 copies compared with diploid controls. FISH analysis also confirmed the presence of MYCN amplification in both tumors. These two cases are of great interest, especially as they show MYCN amplification in medulloblastomas with marked degree of neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, in both cases, there was evidence of a slower and more indolent clinical course, suggesting a more favorable outcome in medulloblastoma with this degree of neuronal differentiation.     

促红细胞生成素在子宫内膜异位症组织的表达

目的探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)在子宫内膜异位症(EMs)发生中的病理生理作用及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学SABC法、mRNA原位杂交法检测39例子宫内膜异位症的异位内膜及35例正常子宫内膜Epo的组织定位和表达强度,并对比其差异。结果Epo、EpomRNA的表达主要定位于腺体细胞胞质、胞核,间质细胞表达不明显。异位内膜组织Epo、EpomRNA表达分别为9.68±2.90,3.08±0.48,明显高于正常对照的4.54±2.86,0.55±0.46,差异有高度显著性(P<0.01);Epo、EpoRNA在EMs组、正常对照组的增殖期和分泌期表达相比,差异均无显著性(P>0.05);EMs组EpomRNA与AFS分期呈正相关(r=0.979,P=0.013)。结论Epo通过旁分泌或自分泌方式过度转录表达引起的局部新生血管生成增强可能是子宫内膜异位症发生的机制之一。