狂犬病蛰伏数年后卷土重来的警示

[目的]警示各级政府务必重视和坚持“预防为主”的方针,采取有力措施,加强对犬类的管理,从根本上控制住“狂犬病”疫情。[方法]广泛地开展防治狂犬病健康教育,提高群众的防范意识和自我保护能力;加强部门协作,对犬只实行“管、免、灭、测”的综合性防疫措施;通过多渠道、多途径全面掌握犬伤人员的伤口处理与疫苗注射情况,对经济困难的犬伤者由政府报销疫苗费等措施保障犬伤人员得到及时处理。[结果]2005年犬伤人员伤口处置与疫苗注射率达99.67%;犬只免疫87320只,免疫率占58.21%;农村捕杀野犬、恶犬22408只、城镇限养区捕杀1189只;随机对3只家犬进行了带毒检测,带毒率达66.67%;2005年1～7月发病数10例,8～12月发病2例。[结论]政府重视,部门协作,措施具体,宣传到位,犬伤人员能及时得到正确处置是控制和降低狂犬病发病的关键。     

河南食管癌高、低发区无症状人群食管固有膜血管乳头的变化

目的：探讨食管癌高、低发区无症状居民食管上皮固有膜血管乳头（简称乳头）增生特征（乳头密度和高度）及其与病变分布的关系，加深对食管癌变早期形态学变化特征的了解。方法：2480例无症状人群食管粘膜活检组织，采用食管癌高低发区食管纤维内镜检查，粘膜活检，组织病理学检查和形态学测量技术对食管乳头的分布特征及其与病变的关系进行分析。结果：食管癌高低发区居民食管中、下段乳头升高（≥上皮厚度的1／2）发生率之间差异并不明显（P＞0．05），但是，高发区居民食管中段乳头密度（乳头数目／mm)明显高于下段，并高于低发区居民食管中段的乳头密度（P＜0．05）；高发区居民食管上皮乳头升高伴基底细胞过度增生患者明显高于正常人（P＜0．05），而低发区未观察到类似情况。结论：乳头增生表现为乳头数目增多和乳头升高是食管癌高发区人群食管上皮特征性形态学变化，高分区居民上皮乳头升高伴明显基底细胞过度增生，提示乳头增生可能是食管癌变极早期阶段的重要形态学变化，反映了上皮细胞的增生状态。     

应用地理信息系统分析中国肾综合征出血热的空间分布

目的　利用地理信息系统 (GIS)技术分析中国大陆肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)的空间区域分布 ,建立HFRS危险区域分布图。方法　收集中国 41个HFRS监测点 1 995～ 1 998年的人群发病资料建立数据库 ,以中国省级、县级、一级河流数字地图为背景 ,在ArcGIS软件的支持下 ,与建立的数据库关联并对监测点人群发病资料进行反距离权重插值分析 ;收集 1 998年 6月SPOT4卫星覆盖东南亚地区的植被影像 ,逐一提取出各监测点监测区域的归一化植被指数 (NDVI) ,与 1 995～ 1 998年HFRS监测点人群平均发病率进行相关分析 ;根据不同流行强度监测区域的NDVI值 ,对遥感影像使用不同的颜色进行密度分割。结果　HFRS监测点人群发病资料的空间分析预测模型显示 ,中国HFRS主要分布于黑龙江流域、黄河中下游地区、长江中下游地区及京杭大运河 淮河流域地区 ,与1 995～ 1 998年全国各县HFRS平均发病率分布图进行比较 ,发现两者基本一致 ;相关分析显示HFRS发病率与NDVI之间呈现正相关 (r=0 .41 7,P <0 .0 1 ) ,根据各监测点NDVI的差异建立了中国HFRS危险区域分布图。结论　根据监测点数据采用GIS技术建立的预测模型对预测全国HFRS的分布情况有重要意义     

术中皮质体感诱发电位与电刺激术定位脑功能区

目的探讨脑功能区手术中利用脑皮质体感诱发电位(SEP)及直接皮质电刺激定位脑功能区的方法及意义。方法对10例脑功能区病变病人在唤醒麻醉下进行手术，利用皮质SEP及皮质直接电刺激定位感觉区、运动区及语占区，住保护脑功能区的前提下，手术切除病变。结果7例病人利用SEP及皮质电刺激确定出运动感觉区，其中4例利用SEP位相倒置确定出中央沟，3例病变位于左侧额颞叶的病人通过皮质直接电刺激确定出语言区?术后功能均较术前明显好转。结论术中SEP及直接皮质电刺激可准确、实时确定脑功能区，最大程度地保护功能，切除病变。     

云南省边境地区疟疾防治资源分配分析

目的 分析云南省边境地区疟疾资源分配状况与疟疾传播的关系，为合理分配疟疾资源提供依据。方法 收集中老、中缅、中越边境地区有关疟疾统计资料，研究导致疟疾流行的危险因素。结果 结果表明来自国外和国内的波及效应数值和强度效应综合反映了这些边境县所面临的潜在疟疾传播危险因素。结论 该地区的疟疾防治资源分配不合理，有待进一步改善。     

三峡建坝后血吸虫病传播危险因素研究Ⅲ库区血吸虫病监测方案的研究

目的了解三峡库区血吸虫病传播危险因素,为三峡库区血吸虫病动态监测提供技术方案。方法在三峡库区进行钉螺生存模拟试验,调查库区流动人口、家畜血吸虫病传染源和钉螺输入库区的潜在危险因素,以及建坝后社会经济发展变化对血吸虫病传播的潜在影响因素,找出库区血吸虫病监测的重点。结果钉螺在三峡库区的适宜环境中能够生长繁殖;血吸虫病传染源主要是往返于血吸虫病流行区的流动人口;从血吸虫病疫区引进花草树木和牲畜,存在将钉螺和动物传染源输入库区的可能;库区社会经济发展可使血吸虫病传入的危险增加,三峡库区已成为血吸虫病的潜在流行区。结论三峡库区血吸虫病监测工作重点应是流动人口、引进的牲畜等血吸虫病传染源和钉螺输入因素的监测。     

The estimation of mean nuclear volume in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma.

Sixty-two cases of breast pathology were randomly selected from the files of the Dunedin Public Hospital for evaluation of mean epithelial nuclear volume. The cases were comprised of both benign and malignant ductal epithelial disease, diagnosed in cytological smears or in histological sections. Nuclear volume in histological preparations was estimated by the stereological technique of point-line intercept measurements to derive volume-weighted mean volumes (vV). An index of the nuclear volume (Vi) of cytology smears was calculated from measurements of nuclear areas by either image analysis Vi(e) or point-line intercepts Vi(p). By all methods of analysis a clear distinction of nuclear volume was found between the benign [means for the cytology were 148 microns 3 (Vi(e)) or 246 microns 3 (Vi(p)), and 203 microns 3 (Vv) for the histology specimens] and malignant diseased cases [means for cytology: 524 microns 3 (Vi(e)) or 886 microns 3 (Vi(p)), and 587 microns 3 (vV) for the histology specimens].     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia: cortical response to motor stimulation

Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest that motor system abnormalities are present in schizophrenia. However, these studies have often produced conflicting or ambiguous findings. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether activation differences could be identified in stable schizophrenic patients on the basis of BOLD measures in two motor regions, the primary motor cortex, Brodmann area 4 (BA4) and the premotor and supplementary motor area, Brodmann area 6 (BA6). Twenty-one schizophrenic patients and 21 healthy control subjects were studied with BOLD fMRI methods during a sequential finger tapping task. Statistical parametric maps were generated for each subject, and anatomic regions were automatically defined using an anatomic atlas. Compared with controls, the schizophrenic patients showed a significant reduction in contralateral activation for both BA4 and BA6 (P<0.001), and in ipsilateral activation in BA4 (P=0.007) and BA6 (P=0.002). In healthy controls, the coactivation in the ipsilateral cortex is reduced in comparison with the contralateral cortex for right and left handed tasks. In BA4, this reduction is significant for right (P=0.007) and left (P=0.003) finger tapping. Similar results were obtained for BA6. Further analyses are necessary to evaluate the activation in other motor system regions.     

Organization of visual corticostriatal projections in the cat,with observations on visual projections to claustrum and amygdala

Electrophysiological mapping criteria were employed to identify visual areas 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b, PMLS, AMLS, ALLS, PLLS, DLS, VLS, and PS in the cat, and to guide placement of tracer deposits. Anterograde tracer methods were used to study the corticostriatal projections of these extrastriate visual areas. The experiments demonstrate that all 11 extrastriate areas send projections to two distinct regions within the striatum, an extensive longitudinal zone within the caudate nucleus, and a more compact region within the posterolateral putamen. Cortical visual projections to the putamen terminate in relatively compact sheets or slabs, and appear to overlap extensively, while those to the caudate nucleus are irregularly patchy and more widely dispersed. Retrograde tracer deposits into the visual recipient zone of the caudate nucleus reveal substantial convergence of other cortical inputs to this same domain. Aspects of visuotopic organization are preserved in the visual projections to both the putamen and the caudate nucleus, but unequivocal retinotopic organization could not be inferred from the available material. Ten of the eleven extrastriate visual area also project topographically onto the visual zone of the claustrum. Area PS does not appear to contribute to the corticoclaustral projections. Five of the extrastriate visual areas (ALLS, PLLS, DLS, VLS, PS) also send sparse projections to the amygdaloid complex. c 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cerebellar connections with the motor cortex and the arcuate premotor area: an analysis employing retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP

We have employed transneuronal transport to examine the anatomical relationships between the deep cerebellar nuclei and 2 cortical motor areas: the primary motor cortex and the arcuate premotor area (APA). In the same animals, we have also examined the patterns of labeling in the thalamus and the red nucleus to provide evidence for the potential routes of transneuronal transport to the cerebellum. When the appropriate technical procedures were employed, cortical injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) resulted in transneuronal labeling within portions of the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the primary motor cortex labeled neurons in the dentate and in the 2 subdivisions of the interpositus. Injections into the APA labeled neurons in the dentate and in only the posterior subdivision of the interpositus. In most instances, dentate neurons were more intensely labeled following the cortical injections than interpositus neurons. The transneuronal labeling observed in the dentate nucleus was topographically organized. The dentate region that was labeled following injections into the "arm area" of the APA was caudal and ventral to the dentate region that was labeled following injections into the "arm area" of the primary motor cortex. This observation provides evidence for two "arm areas" in the dentate: one anatomically related to the APA, and the other related to the primary motor cortex. More than one route of transport may be responsible for the labeling of cerebellar neurons. We propose that the labeling observed in the dentate nucleus reflects the pattern of connections in the cerebellothalamocortical pathways that link the dentate with the cerebral cortex. Thus, our observations support the concept proposed by Schell and Strick (J. Neurosci. 4:539-560, '84)--that the cortical targets of the dentate nucleus include both the primary motor cortex and the APA.