教师与家长采用DSM-IV评估儿童ADHD的结果比较

注意力缺损多动障碍（ADHD）是儿童期常见的心理障碍之一。本研究探究中国父母和教师在使用DSM—IV评估儿童ADHD时的一致性。 1．1对象从北京、哈尔滨、开封、汕尾、石家庄、萧山六个城市选取17所小学，在每所学校的每个班由班主任依据学生名单随机挑选6名左右本班儿童，排除明显精神障碍和智力落后者，     

Les troubles mentaux dans les écrits médicaux anciens : méthodes de caractérisation et application aux consultations françaises du xvi siècle au xviii siècle

Objectives

Like cross-cultural studies, research on ancient medical writings allows psychiatrists to identify constant and variable expressions of mental disorders; this may in turn allow discrimination between pathogenesis mainly of a biological nature and that mainly of a socio-cultural nature. However, the study of these writings presents many problems which require the development of specific and rigorous research methodologies. In particular, close attention is needed for the identification and characterization of mental disorders, a process which is usually referred to as “retrospective diagnosis”. This paper tackles the difficult problem of retrospective diagnosis and pathological categorization of mental disorders described in historical medical writings and proposes a pragmatic and operational approach to these issues.

Patients and methods

We propose going beyond the simplistic contraposition of essentialist and constructivist approaches to mental disorders. First, history research questions involving individual diagnosis, either to ascertain whether a given disease or nosological entity is present in a given historical population (situations A1) or to understand a behavior of an individual or group in a given historical context (situations A2), should be distinguished from questions in which the health of a population or a subgroup is of interest (situations B). Situations of type (A1) require the use of all medical knowledge to make a tentative retrospective diagnosis; situations of type (A2) require considering retrolective diagnoses which could have been made at the time the disorder was managed/reported; and situations of type (B) require using robust pathological categorizations and classifications like those used in contemporary epidemiology to allow comparisons between populations. This conceptual and methodological framework was applied to the study a corpus of more than 2000 reports of consultations of French physicians, written during 16th–18th centuries. Retrospective diagnosis was attempted by a group of psychiatrists and historians on the basis of DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for common mental disorders.

Results

Mental disorders accounted for nearly 4% of the medical conditions dealt with in the consultations; there was no trend for change during the study period. Minor mental disorders, such as depressive, anxiety and somatoform disorders were the most frequent. Serious conditions, characterized by symptoms corresponding to the contemporary categories of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, were also suggested.

Conclusions

This study evidences the presence, in the early modern French population, of many mental disorders fitting into the categories of contemporary psychiatric nosology. It also demonstrates the feasibility of pathological categorization, and in some cases retrospective diagnosis, of mental disorders described in historical medical writings. These findings have implications for historical research in psychiatry.     

The effect of DSM-5 criteria on externalizing,internalizing, behavioral and adaptive symptoms in children diagnosed with autism

Objective: Diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are changing with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), which simplifies the diagnostic categories into social/emotional deficits and repetitive and restricted behavior. ASDs have been closely linked to a variety of other disorders, in particular externalizing disorders such as ADHD, and internalizing disorders including anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder. The present study examines the externalizing, internalizing, behavioral and adaptive symptoms of children with ASD.

Method: Children diagnosed with the DSM-IV who do not meet diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 and were compared to a non-ASD sample and a sample of those who meet the new criteria. Differences were examined between the three experimental groups with respect to internalizing, externalizing, behavioral severity and adaptive behavior.

Results: No significant differences were observed between the DSM-5 and DSM-IV groups with respect to composite and subscale scores on the externalizing, behavior severity index and adaptive behavior domains of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition.

Conclusions: Significantly more impairment was evident for both ASD groups compared to the no-ASD group.     

DSM-IV personality disorders and associations with externalizing and internalizing disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Background

Although associations between personality disorders and psychiatric disorders are well established in general population studies, their association with liability dimensions for externalizing and internalizing disorders has not been fully assessed. The purpose of this study is to examine associations between personality disorders (PDs) and lifetime externalizing and internalizing Axis I disorders.

Methods

Data were obtained from the total sample of 34,653 respondents from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drawing on the literature, a 3-factor exploratory structural equation model was selected to simultaneously assess the measurement relations among DSM-IV Axis I substance use and mood and anxiety disorders and the structural relations between the latent internalizing–externalizing dimensions and DSM-IV PDs, adjusting for gender, age, race/ethnicity, and marital status.

Results

Antisocial, histrionic, and borderline PDs were strong predictors for the externalizing factor, while schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PDs had significantly larger effects on the internalizing fear factor when compared to the internalizing misery factor. Paranoid, schizoid, narcissistic, and dependent PDs provided limited discrimination between and among the three factors. An overarching latent factor representing general personality dysfunction was significantly greater on the internalizing fear factor followed by the externalizing factor, and weakest for the internalizing misery factor.

Conclusion

Personality disorders offer important opportunities for studies on the externalizing–internalizing spectrum of common psychiatric disorders. Future studies based on panic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms may elucidate PD associations with the internalizing spectrum of disorders.     

Agreement between DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for opioid use disorders in two Iranian samples

The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between the two systems in opioid users in the general population and a clinical sample. Two series of data were used in this study. The first was the data of 236 home-residing opioid abusers aged 15–64, who had previously participated in the Iran Mental Health Survey (IranMHS) in 2011, and the second was the data of 104 general psychiatry patients from inpatient or outpatient wards of two psychiatry hospitals in Tehran. Opioid use disorders were evaluated with CIDI-version 2.1. The disorders were assessed in all participants who used opioid substances for at least 5 times during the past 12 months. In the sample from the general population, the agreement between the two systems on the diagnosis of dependence was excellent (0.81). The agreement between the two systems on the diagnosis of abuse and harmful use was 0.41. In the clinical sample, the agreement between the two systems on the diagnosis of dependence or any opioid use disorder was 0.96 and 0.93, respectively. The agreement between abuse and harmful use was 0.9 and − 0.02 with and without regarding hierarchy, respectively. The inter-rater reliability of both DSM-IV and ICD-10 systems for all diagnosis was more than 0.95. The results of the diagnosis of dependence in the two systems had a weak concordance with treatment. The diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV and ICD-10 regarding dependence are very similar and the diagnosis produced by each system is concordant with the other system. However, the two systems have noticeable discrepancies in the diagnosis of abuse and harmful use. The discrepancies result from their conceptual differences and necessitate further revision in the definition of these disorders in the two systems.     

Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders

This project describes health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) using mixed methods. Parents of children with ASDs (N = 224) reported on their HRQoL, depression, and caregiving burden using quantitative tools. HRQoL scores were slightly worse than from those in normative populations especially related to stress and mental health. For example, parents reported average HRQoL scores from SF-6D of 0.74, which was clinically significant lower than an average normative U.S. population. 40% of parents reported having clinical depression symptoms. Married parents reported lower depression symptoms than parents who were not. In addition, families with three or more children with special health care needs (CSHCN) reported lower HRQL and higher caregiving burden than families with less CSHCN. In the qualitative study, we conducted five focus groups to gain insight as to the reasons a child's ASD might influence a parent's HRQoL. Qualitative data further supports the notion that parental HRQoL was negatively influenced by their child's ASDs. Studies that seek to quantify the influence of ASDs and to assess the effect of interventions for children with ASDs may consider measuring the effects on family members as well.     

CCMD—2—R精神分裂症诊断标准的临床应用与ICD—10、DSM—Ⅳ的比较

为了评价CCMD-2-R精神分裂症诊断标准与ICD-10、DSM-Ⅳ之间在临床应用中的一致性及其差异,检验CCMD-2-R的效度,本文选取50例临床诊断确定为“精神分裂症”的住院病人,通过SCAN检查与参阅住院病历相结合的方式收集病史,然后分别用CCMD-2-R、ICD-10、DSM-Ⅳ精神分裂症诊断标准去诊断,比较它们在框架内容、亚型诊断频度、亚型诊断符合率与症状标准内容方面的一致性。发现CCMD-2-R精神分裂症诊断标准与临床经验诊断、ICD-10之间有很好的一致性(K>0.75),与DSM-Ⅳ之间也有一定的一致性(K>0.40),提示CCMD-2-R精神分裂症诊断标准有良好的经验效度和平行效度。说明CCMD-2-R更加完善了我国精神分裂症诊断标准。     

Increased plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with long-term bipolar disorder

Recent data indicate that neurotrophins may play a role in the physiopathology of bipolar disorder (BD) and may be useful as biomarkers of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in BD patients, and to correlate their levels with clinical parameters. BDNF was measured in plasma from 53 BD type I subjects (34 during mania and 19 during euthymia) and 38 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Patients were assessed by a structured clinical interview (Mini-plus), Young mania and Hamilton depression rating scales. Plasma BDNF levels were significantly increased in patients with mania (P ≤ 0.001) and euthymia (P ≤ 0.001) when compared with controls, but did not correlate with any clinical parameters. BDNF concentration was higher in BD patients with 10 or more years of disease. BDNF plasma levels were increased in BD patients, mainly in those with a longer course of disease. In line with previous studies, it is conceivable that BDNF may play a role in the pathophysiology of BD.     

Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and treatment-resistant depression

Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness that is one of the most disabling diseases worldwide. In addition, approximately 15% of depression patients are defined treatment-resistant (TRD). Preclinical and genetic studies show that serotonin modulation dysfunction exists in patients with TRD. Some polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis/treatment of MDD; however, no data are available concerning TRD.