甲醛对小鼠致突变作用的研究

目的　研究甲醛对小鼠的致突变作用。方法　选择健康昆明种小鼠 5 0只 (雌雄各半 ) ,随机分为 3个剂量组 :甲醛高剂量组 (2 0 0 0mg/kg·bw)、中剂量组 (2 0 0mg/kg·bw)、低剂量组 (0 2 0mg/kg·bw) ,1个阴性对照组 (生理盐水 )和 1个阳性对照组 (环磷酰胺 5 0mg/kg) ,采用腹腔注射染毒 ,每天 1次 ,连续 5d。于第六天处死雌性小鼠进行骨髓细胞微核试验 ,于第三十五天处死雄性小鼠进行精子畸形试验 ,显微镜下观察并计数微核及畸形精子数。结果　甲醛中、高剂量组骨髓细胞微核数显著高于阴性对照组 (P <0 0 5 ;) ,同时低、中、高剂量组精子畸形率显著高于阴性对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　甲醛对小鼠具有致突变作用     

Threshold for occluded formaldehyde patch test in formaldehyde-sensitive patients

Our purpose was to investigate the eliciting threshold concentration of formaldehyde in formaldehyde-sensitive individuals in the occluded and non-occluded patch teat and to evaluate the relationship in repeated open application test (ROAT) with a product containing a formaldehyde releaser. 20 formaldehyde-sensitive patients and a control group of 20 healthy volunteer were included in the study. Occluded and non-occluded patch tests with formaldehyde solutions form 25 to 10,000 ppm. and ROAT for I week with a leave-on cosmetic product containing on average 300 ppm formaldehyde. Were carried out simultaneously on each subject. In the occluded patch test. 1/2 of the 20 patients only reacted to 10,000 ppm formaldehyde. 9 reacted to 5,000 ppm. 3 reacted to 1.000 ppm. 2 reacted to 500 ppm and I reacted to 25 ppm. No definite positive reactions were observed in the non-occluded patch test or in the ROAT No positive reactions were observed in the control group to any of the test procedures. We concluded that the threshold concentration for occluded patch test to formaldehyde in formaldehyde-sensitive patients was 250 ppm. The threshold in occluded patch test corresponded to the degree of sensitivity Definite positive reactions in the ROAT were not seen, either indicating that they are unlikely to happen with the type of product used or that the exposure time was too short.     

低温蒸汽甲醛气体灭菌效果观察

为观察低温蒸汽甲醛气体灭菌效果及其使用的可行性,采用每包内放置化学指示卡和生物指示剂,进行了实际灭菌效果检测。结果,灭菌程序记录曲线清晰,可清楚地记录灭菌日期、抽真空次数、进甲醛次数、灭菌维持时间、灭菌温度、压力、抽甲醛气体次数、空气脉冲次数和结束时间。所有包装袋外甲醛化学指示色块均由原来的橙色变为棕色;所有包内化学指示卡均由原来的深兰色变为合格的绿色。26锅次灭菌后生物指示剂全部无菌生长;对 36件灭菌后物品进行无菌检验均无细菌生长。结论,低温蒸汽甲醛灭菌效果可靠,操作简便,使用安全。     

扩散管配制甲醛标准气体的研究

介绍了扩散法配制标准气体的方法。以三聚甲醛为原料，通过加热催化分解三聚甲醛蒸气，来配制甲醛标准气体。讨论了配制甲醛标准气体的准确性、稳定性、重复使用性，以及温度、扩散管几何尺寸、载气气流、配气源物质的量等因素对三聚甲醛扩散率的影响。本方法制备的甲醛标准气体，扩散率（２～５０μｇ／ｍｉｎ）测定总不确定度小于５％。     

旅店室内空气甲醛污染对从业人员健康影响的调查报告

本文以甲醛平均浓度为０．０５８ｍｇ／ｍ３的高级宾馆为接触组和平均浓度为０．０２０ｍｇ／ｍ３的普通招待所为对照组，对其从业人员的健康状况进行调查比较，结果表明：接触组的眼、鼻、咽刺激征、呼吸道症状、头晕、疲劳感、皮肤干燥、月经不调、多汗等自觉症状阳性检出率明显高于对照组，差异具有显著性。提示，旅店业甲醛污染对从业人员健康的影响不能忽视。改善室内环境、降低空气中甲醛浓度，对于保护人体健康具有重要意义。     

Fluorescence spectroscopy monitoring of the conformational restraint of formaldehyde- and glutaraldehyde- treated infectious bursal disease virus proteins

Interaction of native proteinaceous antigens during the recognition and the effector phases of an immune response leads to antigenic conformational modifications which may elicit additional specific immune response. Protein cross-linking and conformation restraining formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde have been extensively used in vaccine preparation, but the relative efficiencies of conformational restraint at concentrations similar to those used in vaccine preparation have not been investigated. We addressed this issue by comparing the extent of conformational restraint of virus proteins in formaldehyde- and glutaraldehyde-treated virus preparations by monitoring the fluorescence intensities (I₃₂₀) of infectious bursal disease virus preparations (IBDV) and those of untreated virus during thermal denaturation. Formaldehyde was found to cause no detectable conformational restraint at 0.01% and only very weak restraint at 1%, while glutaraldehyde caused very strong conformational restraint at 0.01%. It is proposed how conformational restraint of proteinaceous antigens may alter ensuing immunity.     

Potentiation of allergic bronchoconstriction by repeated exposure to formaldehyde in guinea-pigs in vivo

BACKGROUND: Indoor formaldehyde (FA) might worsen allergies and be an underlying factor for the increasing incidence and severity of asthma; the exact mechanism, however, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the effects of repeated exposure to FA on methacholine- and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs in vivo. METHODS: First, non-sensitized guinea-pigs were transnasally treated with 0.1 or 1.0% FA or saline three times a week for 6 weeks, and increasing concentrations of methacholine (50, 100, and 200 microg/mL) were inhaled at 5-min intervals. Second, guinea-pigs pre-treated with transnasal administration of FA or saline using the same protocol were passively sensitized with anti-ovalbumin (OA) serum 7 days before antigen challenge. Third, guinea-pigs were actively sensitized with OA and pre-treated with transnasal administration of FA or saline using the same protocol. The lateral pressure of the tracheal tube (Pao) was measured under anesthesia and artificial ventilation. RESULTS: The antigen-induced increase in Pao in actively sensitized guinea-pigs was significantly potentiated by FA exposure in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-response curve of the methacholine-induced increase in Pao in non-sensitized guinea-pigs or of the antigen-induced increase in Pao in passively sensitized guinea-pigs was not altered by FA exposure. Transnasal administration of FA significantly increased the serum anti-OA homocytotropic antibody titre (IgG) as measured by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in actively sensitized guinea-pigs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that repeated exposure to FA worsens allergic bronchoconstriction through enhancing antigen sensitization.     

Exposure to formaldehyde and phenol during an anatomy dissecting course: sensitizing potency of formaldehyde in medical students

BACKGROUND: The sensitizing potency of formaldehyde and phenol during anatomy dissecting was investigated. The objective was to determine whether exposure induces specific IgE or IgG against formaldehyde-albumin or phenol-albumin. METHODS: In 27 medical students, specific IgE against formaldehyde-albumin by RAST plus ELISA and specific IgE against phenol-albumin by ELISA were assessed. In addition, specific IgG against formaldehyde-albumin was assessed in 23 students. Symptoms before and during dissecting were assessed, and indoor formaldehyde and phenol were measured. RESULTS: Mean indoor formaldehyde was 0.265 +/- 0.07 mg/m3, and mean indoor phenol was 4.65 +/- 2.96 mg/m3. Specific IgE/IgG against formaldehyde-albumin was not found at the beginning. Four students developed specific IgE against formaldehyde-albumin (RAST classes of > or =2.0), and all four also had specific IgE in the ELISA, but IgG against formaldehyde-albumin was not found. Specific IgE against phenol-albumin was not seen. Itch and paresthesia of the hands (P<0.00001), dizziness (P<0.008), burning eyes (P<0.01), headache, sneezing, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, oral or pharyngeal itch, and shortness of breath were experienced. CONCLUSIONS: Formaldehyde exposure during dissecting may induce specific IgE, but not IgG, against formaldehyde-albumin. Sensitization did not correlate with symptoms.     

Formaldehyde and cancer morbidity among male employees in Denmark

Formaldehyde, a genotoxic and potent animal carcinogen, is widespread in the working environment as well as in private homes. The risk for cancer morbidity in Denmark during 1970–84 was estimated from standardized proportionate incidence ratios (SPIR) among men whose longest employment had been held since 1964, at least 10 years before diagnosis, in 265 companies in which exposure to formaldehyde was identified. The results do not support the hypothesis that formaldehyde is associated with lung cancer (SPIR=1.0,410 cases). Significantly elevated risks were found for cancers of the colon (SPIR=1.2,166 cases), kidney (SPIR=1.3,60 cases), and sino-nasal cavities (SPIR=2.3,13 cases). For sino-nasal cancer, a relative risk of 3.0 (95 percent confidence interval=1.4–5.7) was found among blue-collar workers with no probable exposure to wood dust, the major confounder. This study provides further evidence that occupational exposure to formaldehyde increases the risk for sino-nasal cancer.