Therapeutic effects of topical 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment in children with refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Middle East

ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to review the efficacy and safety profile in children treated with topical 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment for vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Middle East and to propose a treatment posology. According to recent studies, a complex non-IgE dependent mechanism plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Numerous cells and mediators have been found in the serum, conjunctiva and tears of patients with Vernal keratoconjunctivitis.DesignThis case series included 10 patients from a single centre, pediatric department of a tertiary hospital with active symptomatic vernal keratoconjunctivitis. All the patients had proliferative lesions and corneal involvement despite conventional medications, including topical steroids. All other medications, systemic and topical: steroids, antihistamines and cyclosporine, were unsuccessful. Patients were treated with topical 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment twice daily for 8 weeks and then once a day for the next two month followed by thrice a week for two months. The changes in symptoms and signs after treatment were evaluated, also the development of possible complications was assessed.ResultsThe results showed a significant reduction in signs and symptoms after 4 weeks of the treatment. Clinical resolution of giant papillae and corneal lesions were seen within eight weeks and no additional drug was required during that period, except tear substitutes. Treatment was continued for period of two months and then slowly reduced.ConclusionThe use of 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment is safe and effective in children refractory to conventional treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis even in high temperature climate as Middle East. Due to the effectiveness of the treatment, the dosage used may be proposed for conventional use.     

雷帕霉素对人肝癌裸鼠原位移植瘤生长的抑制作用

目的探讨雷帕霉素对人肝癌裸鼠原位移植瘤生长的影响及其机制。方法建立人肝癌棵鼠肝原位移植瘤模型32只,随机分为空白对照组、FK506组、雷帕霉素常规剂量组和高剂量组。用药两周后观察肿瘤体积的变化,免疫组织化学法检测肝癌组织中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)的表达。结果对照组、FK506组、雷帕霉素常规剂量组、高剂量组平均肿瘤体积分别为:(310．15±40．16)、(605．59±116．23)、(99．19±15．27)、(151．61±27．81) mm3。与对照组相比,雷帕常规剂量组及高剂量组肿瘤体积明显缩小,PCNA、VEGF的表达均显著下调(P<0．01);FKS06组肿瘤体积与对照组相比明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0．01),PC- NA、VEGF的表达与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0．01)。结论雷帕霉素具有显著抑制肝癌生长的作用,其机制可能是抑制了肝癌细胞的恶性增殖及VEGF的产生。     

低剂量他克莫司治疗大鼠急性脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨低剂量他克莫司（tacrolimus，又名FK506）对大鼠急性脊髓损伤是否具有神经保护作用。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠72只，随机分为假手术组（12只）、损伤组（30只）和FK506治疗组（30只）。采用Allen’s打击法致伤大鼠T10脊髓，假手术组仅做椎板切除术。FK506治疗组在脊髓损伤后5min一次性经尾静脉注射FK5060．3mg／kg，其余两组以相同方法给予等量生理盐水。致伤后30min、6h、24h、48h、72h取伤段脊髓组织行病理观察及原位末端标记法（TUNEL）检测神经细胞凋亡，伤后1、3、7、14、21d行脊髓功能BBB评分和斜板实验。结果：伤后3、7、14、21d，FK506治疗组斜板实验和BBB评分明显优于损伤组，两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；伤后各时间点FK506治疗组脊髓损伤区出血坏死较损伤组轻；伤后6、24、48、72h神经细胞凋亡FK506治疗组较损伤组明显减少，两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：在大鼠急性脊髓损伤后早期应用低剂量他克莫司（0．3mg/kg）治疗对神经具有保护作用，可减少神经细胞凋亡，减轻脊髓继发性损伤，促进脊髓功能恢复。     

外用他克莫司和吡美莫司的安全性

他克莫司和吡美莫司是新型钙调磷酸酶抑制剂药物,其外用制剂可用于治疗特应性皮炎。近年来,对这两种药物的安全性存有争议。现有的资料表明,外用他克莫司和吡美莫司安全性高,不引起皮肤萎缩,经皮吸收极少,无明显的系统免疫抑制作用,不会引起皮肤或系统的感染和肿瘤的发病率升高。     

FK506 (tacrolimus) improves lung injury through inhibition of Fas-mediated inflammation

Objective To investigate whether FK506 (tacrolimus) can inhibit Fas- or A23187-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression and cell death in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells, plus Fas-mediated acute lung injury in vivo. Methods Assays for IL-8, cell death, and caspase-3 activity were performed. A549 cells were treated with 25 μmol A23187 or 0.2 μg/ml agonistic anti-Fas antibody plus 5 ng/ml interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Tacrolimus was treated at 0.1–10 ng/ml. For in vivo experiment, agonistic anti-Fas antibody (Jo2) at 2.5 μg/g was intratracheally instilled into C57BL/6 mice. Neutrophils and protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured within 24 h of instillation. Mice were orally treated with 32 mg/kg of tacrolimus 24 h and 1 h prior to instillation. Results Both Fas and A23187 caused significant IL-8 expression and cell death in A549 cells. Tacrolimus inhibited A23187-induced IL-8 expression alone while it protected all Fas-mediated responses. Mice instilled intratracheally with Jo2 at 2.5 μg/g had significant increases in neutrophils, protein contents in BAL fluid and in expression of chemoattractants for neutrophils. These increases were reversed by tacrolimus. Conclusions Tacrolimus serves as a therapeutic option for improving lung injury through inhibition of Fas-mediated inflammation. Received 7 November 2005; returned for revision 28 December 2005; accepted by G. Wallace 2 February 2006     

他克莫司、霉酚酸酯和甲基强的松龙联合治疗慢性移植物抗宿主病

目的 探讨他克莫司（FK506）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）和甲基强的松龙（MP）联合免疫抑制剂治疗慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD)的疗效。方法 对4例异基因造血干细胞移植后发生广泛性cGVHD的儿童患者,应用FK506,MMF和MP联合治疗,观察其毒副作用和疗效。结果 4例患者使用该联合免疫抑制方案治疗2－4d后症状明显改善,1－2周后症状消失,有效率达100％。除3例出现轻度肾功能损害外,未发现严重副作用。结论 FK506,MMF和MP联合治疗cGVHD为一种行之有效的方法。     

Bcl-2对免疫抑制剂培养中胰岛细胞的保护作用

目的探讨免疫抑制剂对体外培养的大鼠胰岛细胞的毒性作用以及抗凋亡基因Bc l-2对胰岛细胞的保护作用。方法腺病毒介导的基因转染后表达Bc l-2的大鼠胰岛细胞和对照胰岛细胞分别加入不同浓度的他克莫司培养基中,48 h后检测胰岛细胞的凋亡率和分泌胰岛素的功能。结果低剂量和高剂量的他克莫司都能诱导胰岛细胞凋亡,减少胰岛素分泌,Bc l-2能抑制凋亡,改善胰岛素分泌。结论他克莫司对体外培养的大鼠胰岛细胞有直接的损害作用,而Bc l-2能防治这种损害作用。     

56例患者肾移植术后他克莫司治疗窗浓度范围再探讨

目的:探讨适合中国人的肾移植术后他克莫司(FK506)治疗窗浓度范围。方法:采用微粒子酶免疫法测定56例肾移植术后患者口服FK506后12h的全血谷浓度,并观察排斥反应及肾毒性反应的发生情况。结果:肾移植术后FK506的推荐治疗窗浓度范围0mo~1mo为9~14μg/L,2mo~3mo为8~12μg/L,4mo~6mo为6~10μg/L,7mo~12mo为4~6μg/L。结论:在上述治疗窗浓度范围内,既能达到满意的免疫抑制效果,又能减少排斥反应和肾毒性反应的发生。     

他克莫司联合糖皮质激素治疗儿童IgA肾病的疗效观察

目的 观察他克莫司（TAC）和霉酚酸酯（MMF）分别联合糖皮质激素（GC）治疗儿童原发性IgA肾病（IgAN）的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月经肾脏病理证实为原发性IgAN患儿,根据治疗方案不同分为TAC组和MMF组。收集两组患儿治疗前及治疗1、3、6个月时的临床资料,比较研究期间IgAN的缓解情况和不良反应。结果 共纳入43例符合研究标准的患儿,TAC组15例,MMF组28例。治疗1月时两组患儿缓解情况差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;治疗3月及6月时TAC组缓解情况优于MMF组（P < 0.05）。治疗1月时TAC组血清白蛋白高于MMF组（P < 0.05）。两组在治疗后各时点的血清白蛋白均高于基线值,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.0083）;两组治疗3月及6月时肾小球滤过率（GFR）均高于基线值,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.0083）。研究期间两组患儿不良反应总发生率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但TAC组有1例发生真菌感染。结论 TAC联合GC治疗儿童原发性IgAN有良好的减低尿蛋白的作用,近期疗效优于MMF,且安全性良好。     

Amelioration of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rabbit by Topical Administration of Tacrolimus Proglycosome Nano-Vesicles

This work was aimed to improve the efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) using propylene glycol modified lipid vesicles termed as proglycosome nano-vesicles (PNVs). PNVs were prepared by modified film hydration method. Experimental uveitis in rabbit eye was induced by an intravitreal injection of 20 μL of the endotoxin solution containing 100 ng of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. In vivo efficacy of PNVs was determined by studying clinical symptoms of uveitis using slit lamp examination and by quantitatively measuring levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, leukocytes and total proteins in aqueous humor, 24 h after intravitreal injection of endotoxin. Comparison was made with healthy, untreated and tacrolimus solution treated eyes. PNVs developed were nano-sized, deformable and showed sustained release of tacrolimus over period of 12 h. In vivo results indicated statistically significant difference between the effects of PNVs in the treatment of EIU compared to tacrolimus. PNV treatment not only subsides clinical symptoms of uveitis but also prevented breakdown of blood aqueous barrier. Tacrolimus loaded PNVs are potential new topical treatment for uveitis.