基于网络药理学探究防风中生物活性成分及对类风湿关节炎的作用机制

目的 通过以网络药理学为基础的策略研究防风治疗类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis,RA）的分子生物学机制。方法 采用网络药理学方法收集防风活性成分和治疗RA的潜在靶点,并评估活性成分的药理和毒理学等相关参数;构建蛋白质相互作用网络筛选核心靶点,并通过生物信息学方法进一步验证核心靶点和疾病的关联;对核心成分和相应靶点进行分子对接。体外通过CCK-8实验、细胞迁移和侵袭、细胞凋亡、qRT-PCR和Western blotting分析,阐明别欧前胡素对MH7A细胞磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,Akt）通路的调控作用。结果 从防风中共鉴定出18种活性成分和66个与筛选出的RA疾病靶基因相交的潜在靶基因,最终获得了汉黄芩素、β-谷甾醇、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇和别欧前胡素等核心成分。防风治疗RA的潜在机制可能是通过调控PI3K/Akt、白细胞介素-17（interleukin-17,IL-17）、凋亡等信号通路和多种生物过程来实现,以发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用。分子对接证实了所有的核心成分和关键靶点均具有很好的对接活性。别欧前胡素抑制MH7A细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭（P＜0.05、0.01）,诱导细胞凋亡（P＜0.01）,并显著下调IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、基质金属蛋白酶-1（matrix metalloproteinase-1,MMP-1）和MMP-3的基因表达（P＜0.01）。分子分析表明别欧前胡素通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路发挥对MH7A的调控作用。结论 成功预测了防风治疗RA的有效成分和潜在靶点,为进一步探究其分子机制提供了新的理论基础。揭示了别欧前胡素通过PI3K/Akt通路抑制RA成纤维样滑膜细胞的活力、迁移、侵袭及细胞因子和MMPs的表达,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

汉黄芩素调控Ywhaz蛋白抑制结肠癌细胞增殖及侵袭转移

目的:探讨汉黄芩素对人结肠癌细胞HCT116和HT29细胞系的增殖、侵袭能力的影响,并研究汉黄芩素对酪氨酸3/色氨酸5-单加氧酶激活蛋白(Ywhaz)蛋白水平的影响。方法:体外培养HCT116和HT29细胞系,设空白组、汉黄芩素不同浓度组(浓度分别为5,10,20,40μmol·L-1)作用不同时间后,采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法检测汉黄芩素对结肠癌细胞增殖的影响,并用Annexin V-FITC/PI双标后流式细胞仪检测结肠癌细胞的凋亡率;穿透小室(Transwell)小室法检测处理24 h后细胞侵袭和迁移力的变化;实时荧光定量-聚合酶链式反应(q PCR)检测不同浓度汉黄芩素作用24 h后Ywhaz mRNA的水平,并运用蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)检测该蛋白及其磷酸化水平。结果:与空白组比较,汉黄芩素可明显抑制结肠癌细胞系的增殖,具有浓度和时间依赖性,并促进结肠癌细胞系的凋亡率,其中20和40μmol·L-1的汉黄芩素抑制细胞增殖作用显著(P0.01),且不同浓度的汉黄芩素(10,20,40μmol·L-1)作用于结肠癌细胞后,明显降低肿瘤细胞的穿膜数(P0.05,P0.01),汉黄芩素可下调Ywhaz mRNA水平和蛋白水平的表达,并降低Ywhaz的磷酸化水平(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:汉黄芩素可显著抑制HCT116和HT29细胞系的增殖、侵袭和迁移能力,并诱导细胞凋亡,其抗肿瘤机制可能与下调Ywhaz的蛋白水平及其蛋白的磷酸化水平有关。     

纳豆菌液体发酵转化黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷的工艺研究

探索研究纳豆菌液体发酵黄芩药材制备黄芩素和汉黄芩素的工艺,利用纳豆菌所产生的活性酶对黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷进行生物转化,以提高黄芩中黄芩素和汉黄芩素的含量。通过考察不同碳源、氮源及无机盐的种类和浓度、培养基pH、药材粉碎度、装液量、摇床转速、液料比、发酵时间等因素对发酵工艺的影响,以黄芩素和汉黄芩素的含量为评价指标,优选得到黄芩生物转化生成黄芩素和汉黄芩素的液体发酵最佳工艺为蛋白胨质量分数为1.0%,氯化钠0.05%,pH 6.0,黄芩药材粉碎过40目,装样量33%,摇床转速200 r·min^-1,液料比5 : 1,温度37 ℃,发酵6 d,黄芩药材中黄芩苷的转化率为97.6%,汉黄芩苷转化率97.0%。验证试验表明该工艺稳定可行,为黄芩素和汉黄芩素的工业化生产提供数据参考。     

黄芩提取物多指标成分鉴定及指纹图谱的研究

目的：应用超高效液相串联飞行时间质谱法鉴定黄芩提取物中黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素4种活性成分及其指纹图谱同时检测的方法。方法：以ACQUITYTM UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱（2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm）,乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速0.2mL?min^-1,检测波长275nm,柱温30℃。结果：4种成分色谱显示分离度良好,经质谱得到各成分离子碎片,查阅相关文献均得以证实,并在同一色谱条件下检测指纹图谱,结果显示相似度良好。结论：该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于黄芩提取物的质量控制研究。     

黄芩中汉黄芩素的提取研究

目的：研究溶剂法提取黄芩中汉黄芩素的最佳方案。方法：采用不同的溶剂体系进行提取和分离,以提取率为指标作比较。结果：从黄芩药材中提取汉黄芩素的最佳方案为用甲醇进行索氏提取,时间5小时,提取液浓缩得膏体,再通过柱色谱分离,用石油醚-乙酸乙酯进行梯度洗脱。结论：与传统水煎提取法相比,该提取法使黄芩中汉黄芩素提取率提高近2倍。     

Preventive Effect of the Flavonoid, Wogonin, Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage in Rats

Whether wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), a flavonoid originated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antitumor activities in various cell types, possesses a gastric cytoprotective effect was investigated in an ethanol-induced gastric damage model in rats. Ethanol administration alone induced evident gastric damage including gastric hemorrhages and edema, while this gastric damage was significantly attenuated by wogonin pretreatment (30 mg/kg B.W.) 1 hr before ethanol administration. As major protective mechanisms of wogonin on ethanol-induced gastric damage, we found that wogonin showed either antiinflammatory effects through dual actions on arachidonic acid metabolism, i.e., induction of prostaglandin D2 and suppression of 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE), or preventive induction of profuse apoptosis in the stomach. Conclusively, the flavonoid wogonin could be used as a preventive agent of alcohol-induced gastropathy, whose actions were proven to be strong antiinflammation and apoptosis induction.     

汉黄芩素与氟尿嘧啶联用抗人肝癌细胞Hep-G2作用的拮抗效应研究

目的 探讨汉黄芩素(wogonin)联合氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)对人肝癌细胞Hep-G2生长活性的影响。 方法 实验分汉黄芩素组、5-FU组、汉黄芩素+5-FU组和空白对照组,采用MTT法观察药物对肿瘤细胞体外生长活性的影响,采用流式细胞仪分析肿瘤细胞凋亡率的变化。 结果 MTT实验结果显示汉黄芩素(5、10、20、40 μmol/L)作用24、48 h后对肿瘤细胞具有一定的增殖抑制作用(P<0.05);5-FU(5、10、20、40 mg/L)作用24、48 h后对肿瘤细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用(P<0.05);与单用组对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用相比,汉黄芩素联合5-FU组的抗肿瘤作用呈相互拮抗作用(P<0.05);汉黄芩素联合5-FU给药48 h后,联合指数CI值呈现剂量依赖性,CI值随汉黄芩素浓度的加大而增大,说明随汉黄芩素浓度的加大,其拮抗5-FU抗肿瘤效应的作用也越来越明显(P<0.05)。 结论 汉黄芩素具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,但可拮抗5-FU的抗肿瘤作用,具体机制有待进一步研究。     

Wogonin suppresses osteopontin expression in adipocytes by activating PPARα

Aim:

Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), a major bioactive compound of the flavonoid family, is commonly extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and is assumed to have anti-diabetes function. Indeed, a current study has shown that it can possibly treat metabolic disorders such as those found in db/db mice. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of wogonin on osteopontin (OPN) expression in adipose tissue from type 1 diabetic mice and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Methods:

Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were converted to 3T3-L1 adipocytes through treatment with insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were performed to detect protein expression and mRNA levels, respectively.

Results:

Wogonin treatment suppressed the increase in serum OPN levels and reduced OPN expression in adipose tissue from STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Administration of wogonin enhanced PPARα expression and activity. Silencing of PPARα diminished the inhibitory effects of wogonin on OPN expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the levels of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-Jun were reduced in wogonin-treated adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, wogonin treatment dramatically mitigated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 increased PPARα activity and decreased OPN expression.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that wogonin downregulated OPN expression in adipocytes through the inhibition of p38 MAPK and the sequential activation of the PPARα pathway. Given the adverse effects of high OPN levels on metabolism, our results provide evidence for the potential administration of wogonin as a treatment for diabetes.     

基于模拟炮制法研究黄芩炒炭前后苷类成分的变化

目的:通过模拟炮制法探讨不同炒炭程度对黄芩饮片中苷类成分变化的影响。方法:采用Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;柱温箱温度25℃;进样量10μL;检测波长277 nm;流动相A为甲醇,B为0.4%磷酸,C为乙腈,使用梯度洗脱的方式,流速1 mL/min。通过模拟炮制的方法对黄芩苷与黄芩素、汉黄芩苷与汉黄芩素在炒炭温度下的转化进行初步研究。结果:黄芩炒炭后,黄芩苷以及汉黄芩苷的含量下降,而黄芩素以及汉黄芩素的含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。另外,在黄芩苷模拟样品中检出黄芩素,在汉黄芩苷模拟炮制品种检出汉黄芩素。结论:不同炒炭程度对黄芩中黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量有显著影响,模拟炮制法可较为真实地反映黄芩苷类成分在炒炭过程中的变化情况。     

Probe substrate and enzyme source-dependent inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 by wogonin

Background

Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) inhibition based drug-drug interaction and herb-drug interaction severely challenge the R&D process of drugs or herbal ingredients.

Objective

To evaluate the inhibition potential of wogonin (an important flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis) towards one of the most important phase II DMEs, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9.

Methods

Both recombinant UGT1A9-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation reaction and human liver microsomes (HLMs)-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation reaction were used as two different probe reactions.

Results

Wogonin noncompetitively inhibited recombinant UGT1A9-catalyzed 4-MU glucuronidation, and exerted competitive inhibition towards HLMs-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation. The inhibition kinetic parameters (K_i) were calculated to be 3.2 µM and 52.0µM, respectively.

Conclusion

Necessary monitoring was needed when wogonin was co-administered with the clinical drugs mainly undergoing UGT1A9-mediated glucuronidation elimination. Additionally, probe reactions-dependent inhibition of wogonin towards the activity of UGT1A9 should be paid attention when translating these in vitro data into in vivo situation.