麻城市农村某社区O～6岁儿童意外伤害流行状况及影响因素研究

目的 探讨农村地区0-6岁儿童意外伤害流行病学特征及影响因素，为开展伤害预防干预提供依据。方法 以问卷方式调查湖北省麻城市宋埠镇1998年所有发生意外伤害的0—6岁儿童，采用1：1配对病例对照研究的方法探索危险因素。结果 该地区0—6岁儿童意外伤害发生率为3．56％，男女比例为2．67：1。跌伤、烧烫伤和动物咬伤是最常见类型。13．63％的受伤儿童需住院治疗，因伤害致残疾者占1．82％。意外伤害医疗资用支出占家庭年总收入的3．94％。农村儿童意外伤害的影响因素为儿童的照顾者、家庭社会经济状况及儿童性格行为特点等。结论 意外伤害严重影响着农村地区0-6岁儿童的健康，给家庭和社会造成经济损失。预防重点是培训村级医师，开展健康教育，尤其需要提高儿童家长的安全知识水平。     

Trends in childhood injury mortality in Canada, 1979–2002

OBJECTIVE: To examine national trends in mortality rates for injuries among Canadian children younger than 15 years in 1979-2002. METHODS: Data on injury deaths were obtained from the Canadian Vital Statistics system at Statistics Canada. Injuries were classified using the codes for external cause of injury and poisoning (E-codes) by intent and by mechanism. Mortality rates were age adjusted to the 1990 world standard population. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the secular trends. RESULTS: Annual mortality rates for total and unintentional injuries declined substantially (from 23.8 and 21.7 in 1979 to 7.2 and 5.8 in 2002, respectively), whereas suicide deaths among children aged 10-14 showed an increasing trend. All Canadian provinces and territories showed a decreasing trend in mortality rates of total injuries. Motor vehicle related injuries were the most common cause of injury deaths (accounted for an average of 36.4% of total injury deaths), followed by suffocation (14.3%), drowning (13.5%), and burning (11.1%); however, suffocation was the leading cause for infants. The number of potential years of life lost due to injury before age 75 decreased from 89 343 in 1979 to 27 948 in 2002 for children aged 0-14 years. CONCLUSIONS: During the period 1979-2002, there were dramatic decreases in childhood mortality for total injuries and unintentional injuries as well as various degrees of reduction for all causes of injury except suffocation in children aged 10-14 years and drowning in infants. The reason for the reduction in injury mortality might be multifactoral.     

Simulated Transfer of Liquids and Powders from Hands and Clothing to the Mouth

A series of laboratory experiments was carried out to assess transfer of liquids (vinegar) and powders (calcium acetate and magnesium carbonate) from hands, arms, gloves, respirators, clothing, and pens to the oral cavity or the perioral area (the area surrounding the mouth). Experiments were carried out with four volunteers. The donor area (the hands, arms, gloves, and so on) was loaded with a known mass of the test substance and was then brought into contact the receiver area (the oral cavity or the perioral area). The percentage of the substance on the donor that transferred to the receiver (the transfer efficiency or TE) was assessed using saliva samples and gauze wipes of the perioral area. Magnesium carbonate was measured on gauze and in saliva using inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry. Calcium acetate and vinegar were measured using ion chromatography/electrochemical detection. Average transfer efficiencies were calculated for each substance and transfer scenario; these were compared using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Overall, direct transfer from the hands to the oral cavity was significantly higher (mean TE = 51.6) than indirect transfer from the hands to the oral cavity via the perioral area by licking the lips (mean TE = 11.5). The results suggested higher TEs for liquids than for solids and that hand-to-mouth TEs may increase with water solubility. Transfer from bare arms to the perioral area was higher than from arms covered by cotton sleeves for both liquids and powders. Although TE data are often required by models estimating exposure by inadvertent ingestion, relatively few published data are available. This study has provided evidence of some factors that may influence transfer of chemicals from hands or objects to the mouth (physical form, use of clothing, and so on) and has provided data that are essential for the development of predictive exposure models of inadvertent ingestion exposure.     

True Dopers or Negligent Athletes? An Analysis of Anti-Doping Rule Violations Reported to the World Anti-Doping Agency 2010–2012

Background: The sanction that an athlete receives when an anti-doping rule violation has been committed depends on the specific circumstances of the case. Anti-doping tribunals decide on the final sanction, following the rules of the World Anti-Doping Code. Objectives: To assess the athletes’ degree of fault based on the length of sanctions imposed on them to feed policy-related discussions. Methods: Analysing data from the results management database of the World Anti-Doping Agency for anonymous information of anti-doping rule violations in eight selected sports covering the years 2010-2012. Results: Four out of ten athletes who committed an anti-doping rule violation received a suspension that was lower than the standard. This is an indication that tribunals in many instances are not convinced that the athletes concerned were completely at fault, that mitigating circumstances were applicable, or that full responsibility of the suspected violation should not be held against them. Anabolic agents, peptide hormones, and hormone modulators lead to higher sanctions, as do combinations of several anti-doping rule violations. Conclusions: This first analysis of information from the World Anti-Doping Agency's results management database indicates that a large proportion of the athletes who commit anti-doping rule violations may have done this unintentionally. Anti-doping professionals should strive to improve this situation in various ways.     

职业紧张与非致死性职业伤害关系的研究

目的评价职业紧张和非致死性职业伤害的关系。方法采用1:1配比的病例-对照调查设计,以2013年10—12月在中山市6家工伤定点医院收治的151名职业意外伤害工人和151名经年龄、性别、工种匹配且在过去一年无意外伤害的同事为调查对象,运用工作内容问卷(Job Content Questionnaire,JCQ)测量职业紧张。结果两组工人的职业紧张包括自主性维度与工作要求维度与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。社会支持方面,上级支持维度得分两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。使用多因素COX回归拟合条件logistic回归分析结果显示,工作需求高(OR=1.27,95%CI=1.15~1.42)是职业性意外伤害的危险因素,而工作自主性高(OR=0.82,95%CI=0.74~0.91)及上级支持较高(OR=0.84,95%CI=0.69~1.00)是职业性意外伤害的保护因素。结论职业紧张对非致死性职业伤害的发生存在影响。     

Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica

Invasive alien species are among the primary causes of biodiversity change globally, with the risks thereof broadly understood for most regions of the world. They are similarly thought to be among the most significant conservation threats to Antarctica, especially as climate change proceeds in the region. However, no comprehensive, continent-wide evaluation of the risks to Antarctica posed by such species has been undertaken. Here we do so by sampling, identifying, and mapping the vascular plant propagules carried by all categories of visitors to Antarctica during the International Polar Year''s first season (2007–2008) and assessing propagule establishment likelihood based on their identity and origins and on spatial variation in Antarctica''s climate. For an evaluation of the situation in 2100, we use modeled climates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Scenario A1B [Nakićenović N, Swart R, eds (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)]. Visitors carrying seeds average 9.5 seeds per person, although as vectors, scientists carry greater propagule loads than tourists. Annual tourist numbers (∼33,054) are higher than those of scientists (∼7,085), thus tempering these differences in propagule load. Alien species establishment is currently most likely for the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Recent founder populations of several alien species in this area corroborate these findings. With climate change, risks will grow in the Antarctic Peninsula, Ross Sea, and East Antarctic coastal regions. Our evidence-based assessment demonstrates which parts of Antarctica are at growing risk from alien species that may become invasive and provides the means to mitigate this threat now and into the future as the continent''s climate changes.     

Brief report: Increasing children's safe pedestrian behaviors through simple skills training

OBJECTIVES: Hundreds of American children are killed and thousands more injured annually as pedestrians. Simple and effective interventions targeting behavioral changes in children are needed. METHODS: The present study tested a simple, skill-based training method for increasing safe pedestrian behaviors. Eighty-five children ages 5-8 participated. RESULTS: Children behaved more safely following training, indicating very brief training can produce at least short-term improvements in pedestrian behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed with regard to the involvement of parents in the practical application of a simple training procedure and future directions for pedestrian interventions.     

The roles of age, gender, inhibitory control, and parental supervision in children's pedestrian safety

OBJECTIVE: Thousands of American children are injured or killed each year as pedestrians, but behavioral factors in pedestrian injury etiology remain poorly understood. We examined the roles of children's individual differences (age, gender, and inhibitory control) and parental supervision in children's pedestrian behaviors. METHODS: Using the pretend road method, a sample of 85 children and 26 adults crossed a pretend crosswalk set adjacent to a real road. Safety of crossing the pretend road was determined based on actual traffic on the real road. Adults also crossed the real road. RESULTS: Adults' behavior on the real road paralleled that on the pretend road, supporting validity of the method. On the pretend road, younger children, boys, and children with less behavioral control engaged in riskier pedestrian behaviors. Children with less behavioral control responded more noticeably to increases in parental supervision. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed in relation to children's development and injury prevention.     

幼儿园保育员儿童意外伤害认知情况调查分析

目的调查幼儿园保育员进行安全培训前后对儿童意外伤害的知识、态度、信念（知信行）,及其是否接受培训对认知情况的比较,探索幼儿园保育员对儿童安全管理的主要措施,应掌握的知识要点等。方法采用自制调查表对280名保育员进行问卷调查,了解分析保育员对儿童意外伤害知识了解及认知情况,现场回收调查表。结果对儿童意外伤害急救知识了解的比例只有15.7%,80%以上的保育员部分了解或不了解。对火警、医疗急救、火场逃生电话知晓的比例较高,均在90%以上。认为意外伤害是一种疾病的在20%以上。认为儿童意外伤害可以预防的有占87.22%,认为儿童意外伤害危害性很大的占85.04%。仅61.24%的保育员经常对儿童开展安全教育。将保育员分为参加过意外伤害培训组和从未参加过培训组的2组再次比较,两组保育员在认为儿童意外伤害是否致残（χ2=8.468,P=0.014）、是否是儿童第一死因（χ2=4.809,P=0.028）、掌握急救知识（χ2=17.892,P=0.000）等方面比较差异有统计学意义。接受调查的保育员进行专题培训后,全部掌握调查表内容。结论保育员儿童意外伤害知信行情况不容乐观,强化幼儿园安全管理和教育很有必要,专题培训是提高幼儿园保育员儿童意外伤害知信行的有效方法。     

2008-2012年北京市西城区托幼园所集体儿童意外伤害监测分析

目的 了解2008-2012年西城区托幼园所集体儿童意外伤害发生状况, 为辖区托幼机构预防儿童意外伤害工作提供科学指导。方法 回顾性分析2008-2012年西城区托幼园所集体儿童伤害、事故监测数据, 分析在园儿童伤害、事故发生情况。结果 2008-2012年期间西城区托幼园所集体儿童意外伤害总发生率为0.43%, 伤害类型主要为跌伤, 其发生率为0.22%~0.48%, 且呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=13.32, P=0.01);事故类型主要为骨折, 近4年来发生率为0.04%~0.10%。结论 西城区托幼园所集体儿童意外伤害发生率较低, 防止儿童跌伤和骨折是伤害干预的重要任务。