Respiratory tract infections due to different rhinovirus serotypes and the influence of maternal antibodies on the clinical expression of the disease in infants.

Rhinoviruses were isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions of 49 children hospitalized because of severe respiratory tract infection. The isolates were typed using 90 type-specific antisera. No obvious relation between certain serotypes and the severity of illness was found. Serum samples were drawn from all children simultaneously with the nasopharyngeal secretions and screened for the presence of type-specific neutralizing antibodies. Children aged 1 week to 6 months had higher neutralizing antibody titers and revealed a lower degree of morbidity than older children. The decline of neutralizing serum antibodies with increasing age was correlated with a higher incidence of severe disease in those aged 7-12 months. Nevertheless, also in this age group children with mild clinical courses of disease were observed despite a low concentration or an absence of neutralizing serum antibodies. This indicates that not only neutralizing serum antibodies, but other factors also influence the clinical expression of RHV-induced disease.     

Complete sequence of the RNA genome of human rhinovirus 16, a clinically useful common cold virus belonging to the ICAM-1 receptor group

We report here the complete nucleotide sequence and predicted polyprotein sequence of HeLa cell-adapted human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16). This virus is more suitable than human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) for clinical studies, and its growth and physical properties are favorable for biochemical and crystallographic analysis. The complete message-sense RNA genome of HRV16 is composed of 7124 bases, not including the poly(A) tail. An open reading frame, extending from base 626 to 7084 predicts a polyprotein containing 2152 amino acid residues. Comparison with other rhinovirus sequences shows HRV16 is much more representative of human rhinoviruses than HRV14. No apparent relationship was found between receptor group and amino acid sequence in VP1, the capsid protein bearing the binding site for the intercullular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in both HRV14 and HRV16.Genbank accession number: L24917.     

Isolation of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses from 38 colds in adults

Nasal washings were collected from 27 normal adults during 38 naturally acquired colds. The washings were exhaustively tested using tissue cultures, organ cultures and electron microscopy. Washings yielding no identifiable agent were inoculated into human volunteers, and further specimens obtained from the latter were examined by the same techniques in vitro. Viruses were identified in association with 25 of the original 38 colds (65.7%). Fifteen were rhinoviruses (39.5%), seven coronaviruses (18.4%), two were para-influenza viruses, and one was influenza virus. Use of organ cultures and of volunteers significantly increased the isolation rate. No agent was cultivated from the remaining 13 specimens, although tests in volunteers showed that cold-producing agents were present in five of them (13%). Three specimens gave doubtful results in volunteers, and five others, all collected within a period of six weeks in December and January, apparently contained no infectious agent.     

巢式PCR诊断儿科患者鼻病毒感染的探讨

目的了解儿科急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原,建立快速、敏感、特异的检测鼻病毒（HRV）的方法.方法根据已发表的HRV的核苷酸序列设计巢式PCR引物,并用多种呼吸道病毒的标准毒株确定方法的特异性.收集2002年11月至2003年10月的急性呼吸道感染患儿标本771例,应用巢式PCR方法检测标本中有无HRV基因片段.结果特异性检测结果显示仅HRV cDNA有预期大小的片段扩增.771例标本中HRV总检出例数为148例（148/771）,占19.2%;HRV阳性检出率在咽炎患儿中达到53.3%（8/15）,喉炎患儿43.8%（7/16）,支气管炎患儿为28.7%（29/101）,其他如急性扁桃体炎、急性肺炎等患儿也有较高的HRV阳性检出率.在2002年11月以及2003年8-10月HRV检测阳性率较高（21.6%～32.6%）,尤其在2003年9月份HRV检测阳性率最高,达到32.6%;2003年3-7月HRV阳性标本所占百分率较平稳,在16.0%～19.1%之间.结论建立的巢式RT-PCR可以检测到儿科呼吸道感染患儿标本中的鼻病毒基因片段;HRV是北京婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染的重要病毒病原之一.     

Rhinovirus Infection and Virus-Induced Asthma

While the aetiology of asthma is unclear, the onset and/or exacerbation of asthma may be associated with respiratory infections. Virus-induced asthma is also known as virus-associated/triggered asthma, and the reported main causative agent is rhinovirus (RV). Understanding the relationship between viral infections and asthma may overcome the gaps in deferential immunity between viral infections and allergies. Moreover, understanding the complicated cytokine networks involved in RV infection may be necessary. Therefore, the complexity of RV-induced asthma is not only owing to the response of airway and immune cells against viral infection, but also to allergic immune responses caused by the wide variety of cytokines produced by these cells. To better understand RV-induced asthma, it is necessary to elucidate the nature RV infections and the corresponding host defence mechanisms. In this review, we attempt to organise the complexity of RV-induced asthma to make it easily understandable for readers.     

人鼻病毒C组在上海三家医院儿童呼吸道感染的分子流行病学研究

了解浙江省湖州市南浔区某学校一起人鼻病毒（human rhinovirus,HRV）引起呼吸道感染暴发疫情的流行病学特征,为今后预防控制HRV引起的上呼吸道感染暴发疫情提供科学依据。

根据《流感样病例暴发疫情处置指南（2018年版）》等开展调查。主要查阅该校因病缺课记录、晨午检记录和医院就诊记录等进行病例搜索,对病例开展个案调查,对班主任进行访谈,并察看现场环境。采集现症病例咽拭子,开展新型冠状病毒核酸检测,如为阴性再开展流感病毒等其他常见的14种上呼吸道病毒检测。

共发现68例HRV感染病例,首例病例2020年5月20日发病,末例病例5月30日发病,经过3 d最长潜伏期无新发病例出现,疫情结束。共5个班级发现病例,发病班级罹患率为30.77%（68/221）,其中101班为25.00%（11/44）,109班罹患率为30.23%（13/43）,110班罹患率为25.58%（11/43）,211班罹患率为35.26%（16/45）,307班罹患率为39.96%（17/46）,班级间罹患率差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.67,P>0.05）。病例年龄为7～9岁。男生罹患率为27.19%（31/114）,女生为34.58%（37/107）,性别差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.41,P>0.05）。病例症状较轻,无住院、重症或死亡,以咳嗽、咽痛、流涕为主,其中咳嗽100.00%（68/68）,咽痛61.76%（42/68）,流涕47.06%（32/68）,肌肉酸痛4.41%（3/68）。69.12%（47/68）到医疗机构就诊,23.53%（16/68）自行吃药,7.35%（5/68）未就医和吃药。采集的22例现症病例咽拭子标本,新型冠状病毒核酸均为阴性。开展的14种其他呼吸道病毒检测,其中16例HRV核酸阳性。

HRV引起的症状相对流感较轻,不容易引起学校和家长的重视,学生带病上课现象严重。学生应做好个人卫生,养成良好的卫生习惯,学校应开展相关防治知识宣传,做好晨午检,以杜绝学生带病上课。

     

Genetic analysis of human rhinovirus species A to C detected in patients with acute respiratory infection in Kumamoto prefecture,Japan 2011–2012

We performed detailed genetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 coding region in human rhinovirus species A to C (HRV-ABC) strains detected in patients with a variety of acute respiratory infections in Kumamoto, Japan in the period 2011–12. The phylogenetic tree and evolutionary timescale were obtained by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the present HRV-A, -B, and -C strains belonged to 25, 4, and 18 genotypes, respectively. Some new genotypes were confirmed as prevalent strains of HRV-C. An ancestor of the present HRV-ABCs could be dated back to about 20,000 years ago. The present HRV-A and -C strains have wide genetic divergence (pairwise distance >0.2) with rapid evolutionary rates (around 7 × 10⁻⁴ to 4 × 10⁻³ substitutions/site/year). Over 100 sites were found to be under negative selection, while no positively selected sites were found in the analyzed region. No evidence of recombination events was found in this region of the present strains. Our results indicate that the present HRV strains have rapidly evolved and subsequently diverged over a long period into multiple genotypes.     

Human rhinovirus C infections in pediatric hematology and oncology patients

Children with cancer and HSCT recipients are at high risk for common viral infections. We sought to define the viral etiology of ARI and identify risk factors. Nasal wash samples were collected from pediatric hematology–oncology patients and HSCT recipients with ARI during the 2003–2005 winter seasons. Real‐time RT‐PCR was performed to detect Flu A, influenza B, RSV, PIV 1‐3, human MPV, and HRV. HRV specimens were sequenced and genotyped. Seventy‐eight samples from 62 children were included. Viruses were detected in 31 of 78 samples (40%). HRV were detected most frequently, in 16 (52%) including five HRVC; followed by seven (22%) RSV, five (16%) Flu A, four (13%) MPV, and two (6%) PIV2. There was a trend toward higher risk of viral infection for children in day care. Only 8% of the study children had received influenza vaccine. HRV, including the recently discovered HRVC, are an important cause of infection in pediatric oncology and HSCT patients. Molecular testing is superior to conventional methods and should be standard of care, as HRV are not detected by conventional methods.