非活动性结核性胸膜炎与活动性结核性胸膜炎的CT扫描影像特征分析

目的: 探讨非活动性结核性胸膜炎与活动性结核性胸膜炎CT扫描影像表现。方法: 对2012年6月1日至2021年3月30日在首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院就诊的单纯非活动性结核性胸膜炎患者68例和同期活动性结核性胸膜炎44例的CT扫描影像表现进行比较。结果: (1) 68例非活动性结核性胸膜炎患者 CT扫描影像表现中胸膜粘连62例(91.2%),胸膜有钙化者28例(41.2%),叶间裂受累22例(32.4%),胸腔积液12例(17.6%),包裹性胸腔积液8例(11.8%)。(2)44例活动性结核性胸膜炎患者CT扫描影像表现中胸膜粘连30例(68.2%),未见胸膜钙化,叶间裂受累32例(72.7%),胸腔积液43例(97.7%),包裹性胸腔积液26例(59.1%)。(3)非活动性与活动性结核性胸膜炎CT扫描影像比较:胸膜粘连、胸膜钙化发生率高,差异均有统计学意义(χ²=9.630,P=0.002;χ²=23.737,P=0.000);叶间裂受累、胸腔积液、包裹性胸腔积液的发生率低,差异均有统计学意义(χ²=12.692,P=0.000;χ²=68.548,P=0.000;χ²=28.301,P=0.000)。结论: 非活动性结核性胸膜炎的CT扫描影像与活动性结核性胸膜炎比较胸膜粘连、胸膜钙化的发生率高,胸腔积液、包裹性胸腔积液、叶间裂受累的发生率低。识别非活动性和活动性结核性胸膜炎的CT扫描影像特点,对患者临床治疗有指导意义。     

Local production and localization of transforming growth factor-beta in tuberculous pleurisy.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is one of the cytokines which play an immunosuppressive role in an inflammatory process. To investigate the local production of TGF-beta, we evaluated the levels of TGF-beta in tuberculous pleural effusions (TBPE) and non-tuberculous benign pleural effusions (non-TBPE) by the growth inhibition assay with Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells. The mean level of TGF-beta in TBPE (46.1 +/- 31.5 pM; mean +/- s.d.) was higher than in non-TBPE (21.7 +/- 12.3 pM) (P < 0.05). Although the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in TBPE measured by ELISA was significantly higher than in non-TBPE, there was no significant difference in the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) measured by ELISA between these two groups. Moreover, to elucidate localization of TGF-beta in tuberculous pleurisy, immunohistochemical studies of pleura, using the rabbit polyclonal antibody Ab39 against latent TGF-beta 1 binding protein (LTBP) were performed. Results revealed that LTBP was localized in immature fibrotic areas where infiltrations of T lymphocytes and macrophages were absent. Importantly, the major sources of LTBP in these areas were thought to be mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. LTBP was not found in granulomas and mature fibrotic areas. Our data suggest that TGF-beta in tuberculous pleurisy may play important roles for regression of granulomatous inflammation and pleural fibrosis for tissue repair.     

The value of pleural fluid anti-A60 IgM in BCG-vaccinated tuberculous pleurisy patients

Objectives   To determine if detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against mycobacterial antigen A60, together with the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST), could be used in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy (TP) in BCG-vaccinated cases.
Methods   We investigated 125 BCG-vaccinated patients with pleural effusion. Of these, 88 had TP and 37 had non-tuberculous pleurisy (NTP). TST and anti-A60 IgM and IgG measurements by ELISA were performed in the sera and pleural effusions of both groups.
Results   Cut-off values, in optical density, for serum anti-A60 IgM, pleural fluid anti-A60 IgM, serum anti-A60 IgG and pleural fluid anti-A60 IgG were defined as 0.624, 0.614, 0.464, and 0.613, respectively. TP patients had higher IgG and IgM levels in the serum ( P  < 0.001 and P  < 0.05, respectively) and pleural effusion ( P  < 0.001 and P  < 0.001, respectively). Regardless of the diagnosis, IgG and IgM levels were higher in the sera ( P  < 0.001 and P  < 0.05, respectively) and pleural effusions ( P  < 0.001 and P  < 0.001, respectively) of TST-positive cases, and serum and pleural fluid IgM levels were higher ( P  < 0.001 and P  < 0.001, respectively) in the TST-positive TP cases. Sensitivity and specificity of TST were 65% and 68%, respectively. As a single parameter, pleural fluid anti-A60 IgM had the highest sensitivity (77%) and specificity (94%) in patients with negative TST.
Conclusion   We suggest that in populations where tuberculosis prevalence is high and BCG vaccination is common, pleural fluid anti-A60 IgM can facilitate the diagnosis of TP.     

Cytokines and fibrinolytic enzymes in tuberculous and parapneumonic effusions

Tuberculous (TB) pleurisy and parapneumonic effusion (PPE) are common causes of pleural fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying fibrin deposition may be different since involved inflammatory cells are distinct. In this study, we measured various cytokines and fibrinolytic enzymes and compared the differences between the two effusions. PPE was further divided into noncomplicated PPE and complicated PPE/empyema subgroups. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Significantly higher values of PAI-1, PAI-1/tPA ratio, IL-1beta, IL-8 and MIP-1beta and significantly lower values of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and MCP-1 were observed in PPE/empyema than in TB effusions. Compared to noncomplicated PPE, complicated PPE/empyema had significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8 and MIP-1beta. TB pleurisy patients who had higher effusion levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8 were predisposing to residual pleural thickening. The underlying mechanisms of fibrin formation and deposition between the two effusions studied (PPE/empyema and TB pleurisy) could not be fully explained by the results of the present study. More studies are needed to explore this further.     

大鼠角叉菜胶胸膜炎渗出白细胞磷脂酶D活性的变化

目的　观察在整体炎症过程中炎症白细胞磷脂酶D(PLD)活性的变化和炎症的关系。方法　采用大鼠角叉菜胶胸膜炎模型 ,以渗出液量和细胞数及渗出液中髓过氧化物酶活性 (中性粒细胞脱颗粒指标 )作为炎症程度。用酶偶联比色法测定白细胞PLD活性。结果　正常大鼠外周血白细胞PLD活性极低 ,为 ( 0 14± 0 0 3) μmol·g-1·min-1。致炎后各时间点胸膜腔渗出白细胞的PLD活性明显升高 ,分别可达 40～ 6 0倍 ,并在 3h达峰值 ,明显早于炎症高峰 ( 12h)。不同剂量 ( 5 0 0 μg和 10 0 0 μg)角叉菜胶可引起致炎 12h明显不同程度的炎症 ,但渗出白细胞PLD活性两者差别不大。低剂量吲哚美辛 ( 2mg·kg-1,ip)和地塞米松 ( 0 1mg·kg-1,ip)均明显抑制致炎 6h大鼠胸膜腔的渗出 ,但渗出白细胞PLD活性与对照组相比差别无显著性。结论　大鼠角叉菜胶性胸膜炎白细胞PLD活性显著升高 ,提示PLD活性升高在该炎症模型中是原发性表现 ,低剂量吲哚美辛和地塞米松的抗炎机制与PLD无关     

结核性渗出性胸膜炎患者胸膜增厚对肺功能的影响

目的探讨不同程度的胸膜增厚对结核性渗出性胸膜炎(结胸)患者肺功能的影响。方法通过胸部B超及CT检查观察测量胸膜增厚的程度,对患者进行常规通气肺功能、脉冲振荡肺功能(IOS)测定。110例患者根据胸膜增厚程度分为2组,比较2组患者肺活量(VC)、最大自主通气量(MVV)、共振频率(Fres)、周边弹性阻力(X5)等指标。结果随胸膜增厚程度的增加VC、MVV明显降低,Fres逐渐增大、X5负向增大,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论轻度胸膜增厚对肺功能影响较小,中重度胸膜增厚对肺功能影响明显。     

Asbestos exposure and tuberculous pleurisy as developmental causes of progressive unilateral upper-lung field pulmonary fibrosis radiologically consistent with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis

BackgroundUnilateral upper-lung field pulmonary fibrosis (upper-PF), which is radiologically consistent with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, develops after thoracic surgery. In most patients with unilateral upper-PF, aberrant intra-/extra thoracic air commonly emerges and an autopsy shows chronic pleuritis, which indicates that pleural involvement is associated with upper-PF development. If so, there may be patients with unilateral upper-PF who have a history of pleural involvement, including tuberculous pleurisy (TP) or asbestos exposure (AE). This study aimed to examine this supposition.MethodsWe examined the radiological reports of all consecutive patients from 2012 to 2018 to investigate whether there were patients having unilateral upper-PF and a history of TP or AE.ResultsEight patients were included in the study. Five patients had a history of TP, and the remaining three had that of AE. All patients were men and had respiratory symptoms, and seven patients presented with restrictive ventilatory impairment. The interval between TP or last AE and upper-PF development was long, with a median of over 20 years. The upper-PF lesion was commonly located in the right lung, and aberrant intrathoracic air was observed in five patients during their clinical course. Additionally, the upper-PF lesion transformed into a cystic lesion in six patients, which resulted in Aspergillus infection in two patients. The prognosis was poor, with a median overall survival of 38 months.ConclusionsUnilateral upper-PF developed even in patients with a history of pleural involvement. Our results indicate that pleural involvement plays an important role in the development of unilateral upper-PF.     

胸腔镜辅助治疗早期结核性包裹性胸腔积液112例

目的：探讨胸腔镜辅助治疗结核性包裹性胸腔积液的效果。方法2003年10月～2012年9月，对112例早期结核性包裹性胸膜炎并胸腔积液患者行胸腔镜辅助治疗，将包裹分隔用胸腔镜活检钳及电凝钩分离，清除分隔内的干酪坏死组织、纤维板及胸腔积液，胸腔内放置中心静脉导管，术后用尿激酶溶解纤维素。术后给予抗结核药物治疗。结果111例肺完全复张，1例右下肺未完全膨胀。2例术后其他细菌感染，经抗生素治疗痊愈。112例随访9～12个月，平均9．4月，无复发。结论对内科反复穿刺及置管引流不.的早期结核性包裹性胸腔积液，胸腔镜辅助手术治疗安全有效，无明显并发症。     

Role of medical thoracoscopy in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion

Background

Fibrous tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) represents common disease in tuberculous clinic. Medical thoracoscopy has been used to treat pleural empyema and shown promising outcomes, but data of its use in multiloculated and organized TPE remains limited to know.

Methods

The study was performed on 430 cases with TPE. The cases were divided into free-flowing, multiloculated effusion and organized effusion group. Each group was subdivided into two or three types of therapeutic approaches: ultrasound guided pigtail catheter, large-bore tube chest drainage and medical thoracoscopy. Patients with multiloculated or organized effusions received streptokinase, introduced into the pleural cavity via chest tubes. The successful effectiveness of the study was defined as duration of chest drainage, time from treatment to discharge days and no further managements.

Results

Patients with organized effusion were older than those with free-flowing effusion and incidence of organized effusion combined with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was higher than those of multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion respectively. Positive tuberculosis of pleural fluid culture was higher in organized effusion than that in free-flowing effusion. Sputum positive for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) in organized effusion was higher than that in multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion. Medical thoracoscopy showed significant efficacy in the group of multiloculated effusion and organized effusion but free-flowing effusion. No chronic morbidity and mortality related to complications was observed.

Conclusions

Medical thoracoscopy was a safe and successful method in treating multiloculated and organized TPE.     

结核性胸膜炎患者外周血和胸水中Th17、Th1细胞检测分析

目的 探讨结核性胸膜炎患者Th17、Th1细胞免疫应答的特性及作用。方法 应用流式细胞术检测30例健康对照组（HD）、23例潜伏感染组（LTBI）、20例结核性胸膜炎组(TP) 患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）与胸水单个核细胞（PFMC）Th17、Th1细胞的变化情况。结果 结核性胸膜炎患组外周血非特异性Th17和Th1细胞百分比分别为（2.81±0.94）和（27.85±11.02）,低于健康对照组（4.63±1.63）、（36.34±9.39）和潜伏感染组（4.13±1.91）、（42.37±13.87）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001,P<0.05）;结核性胸膜炎患者胸腔积液PFMC的非特异性Th17细胞百分比为（1.85±1.34）,低于外周血PBMC的（2.81±0.94）,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);同时PFMC结核菌特异性Th17、Th1细胞的百分比分别为（0.68±0.13）和（6.91±1.16）,高于PBMC（0.25±0.11）和（1.98±0.56 ）,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.001)。结论 结核性胸膜炎患者外周血非特异性Th17、Th1细胞应答及感染局部Th17的非特异性应答反应均受到抑制;感染局部特异性Th17、Th1应答处于高水平状态;Th17、Th1细胞应答在结核性胸膜炎的发病中发挥重要作用。