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Tetrabenazine (TBZ), a presynaptic dopamine depletor and postsynaptic dopamine receptor blocker, is widely used for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders in adults. However, reports of its use in children are limited. We review the efficacy and tolerability of TBZ therapy in 31 children with hyperkinetic movement disorders refractory to other medications. TBZ was effective in reducing the severity of movement disorders resistant to treatment with other medicines. When compared to adult patients, pediatric patients required higher doses. Side effects were similar to the adult population; however, children had a lower incidence of drug-induced Parkinsonism. 相似文献
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Ingunn Bj?rnsdóttir Thomas Ray Einarson Lárus Steintór Guemundsson Rannveig Alma Einarsdóttir 《Pharmacy World & Science》2007,29(6):577-583
Aim To determine the efficacy of diphenhydramine against cough due to respiratory infection or irritation in patients/subjects
without comorbidities.
Method Two reviewers independently identified English language studies, searching on: clinical trials, randomized, diphenhydramine
(OR dimenhydrinate), antitussive agents, cough (combine using AND). Sources were: Medline (1966–2005), Embase (1980–2005),
Cochrane and references from retrieved articles. Two other reviewers, blinded to study origin selected studies, inclusion
criteria being: diphenhydramine monotherapy against placebo, double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial, intention-to-treat,
dropout information. The blinded reviewers evaluated the selected studies on a quality scale.
Results Eleven articles were identified, 7 were rejected (4 not placebo controlled, 2 had no diphenhydramine, 1 not blinded), leaving
4 articles, that were included in the evaluation and scored 20, 21, 25 and 26 out of a maximum of 32. In these selected studies,
a total of 162 people were examined, 65 on diphenhydramine, 63 on placebo and 34 in a crossover setting. There was a total
of 13 dropouts. The crossover studies demonstrated significant effect; 27–56% reduction in 20 healthy volunteers and 21–26%
reduction in 13 patients (originally 14, one outlier left out), whereas the active versus placebo studies did not.
Conclusion In spite of the 60 years that the substance has been on the market, only few studies have properly evaluated the effect of
diphenhydramine against cough. Presumptions about efficacy of diphenhydramine against cough in humans are not univocally substantiated
in literature. 相似文献
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为探讨不同剂量水平的维生素K4及维生素D对绝经妇女骨折早期骨代谢的影响。选择年龄60~84岁(72.17±1.216岁),绝经女性骨折病人35例,随机分为4组,分别给予不同剂量的维生素K4及维生素D口服,实验进行20天。通过观察患者服药前后血清钙、血清磷、血清碱性磷酸酶、血清凝血酶原时间及血清骨钙素值的变化,综合评价维生素K、维生素D对老年妇女骨折早期骨代谢的影响。结果显示,不同剂量水平维生素K4、维生素D对绝经妇女骨折早期骨代谢的影响不同,有统计学意义。维生素K4对骨代谢的影响作用超过维生素D,并随剂量水平不同而差异有显著性。但维生素K4、维生素D对骨代谢的影响无交互作用。表明维生素D、维生素K4能促进骨折早期骨代谢,对骨折愈合有一定促进作用,且维生素K的作用强于维生素D。 相似文献
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Although there have been reported associations between zinc and bone mineral density (BMD), no reports exist on the effect of zinc treatment in osteoporotic patients. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy and safety of zinc pharmacotherapy in Japanese elderly patients. The present investigation included 122 osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency, aged ≥65 years, who completed 12 months of follow-up. In addition to standard therapy for osteoporosis in a clinical setting, the subjects received oral administration of 25 mg zinc (NOBELZIN®, an only approved drug for zinc deficiency in Japan) twice a day. BMD and laboratory data including bone turnover markers were collected at 0 (baseline), 6, and 12 months of zinc treatment. Neither serious adverse effects nor incident fractures were seen during the observation period. Serum zinc levels were successfully elevated by zinc administration. BMD increased significantly from baseline at 6 and 12 months of zinc treatment. Percentage changes of serum zinc showed significantly positive associations with those of BMD. Bone formation markers rose markedly from the baseline values, whereas bone resorption markers displayed moderate or no characteristic changes. Additive zinc supplementation may contribute to BMD augmentation ensuing the prevention of fracture occurrence in elderly osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency. 相似文献
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《Obesity research & clinical practice》2022,16(5):353-363
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial chronic disease with genetic, environmental, physiological and behavioural determinants that requires long-term care. Obesity is associated with a broad range of complications including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, reproductive hormonal abnormalities, sleep apnoea, depression, osteoarthritis and certain cancers. An algorithm has been developed (with PubMed and Medline searched for all relevant articles from 1 Jan 2000–1 Oct 2021) to (i) assist primary care physicians in treatment decisions for non-pregnant adults with obesity, and (ii) provide a practical clinical tool to guide the implementation of existing guidelines (summarised in Appendix 1) for the treatment of obesity in the Australian primary care setting.Main recommendations and changes in managementTreatment pathways should be determined by a person’s anthropometry (body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)) and the presence and severity of obesity-related complications. A target of 10–15% weight loss is recommended for people with BMI 30–40 kg/m2 or abdominal obesity (WC > 88 cm in females, WC > 102 cm in males) without complications. The treatment focus should be supervised lifestyle interventions that may include a reduced or low energy diet, very low energy diet (VLED) or pharmacotherapy. For people with BMI 30–40 kg/m2 or abdominal obesity and complications, or those with BMI > 40 kg/m2 a weight loss target of 10–15% body weight is recommended, and management should include intensive interventions such as VLED, pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery, which may be required in combination. A weight loss target of > 15% is recommended for those with BMI > 40 kg/m2 and complications and they should be referred to specialist care. Their treatment should include a VLED with or without pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. 相似文献